question

RNA polymerase

answer

Enzyme that facilitates transcription

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Transcription

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synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

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Ribosome

answer

Large macromolecular complex where proteins are synthesized

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tRNA (transfer RNA)

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Form of RNA that is complementary to mRNA. Has a neucleotide anticodon on one end and an amino acid in the other.

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Translation

answer

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

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Coding strand (DNA)

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The original strand off which the new nucleotide sequence is based. Almost the same as mRNA

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template strand (DNA)

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The strand mRNA uses to make a copy. Complementary to mRNA

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missense mutation

answer

base substitution results in change in an amino acid

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nonsense mutation

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changes a normal codon into a stop codon

question

silent mutation

answer

change in DNA that codes for the same amino acid

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Replication

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process of copying DNA prior to cell division

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DNA polymerase III

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synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction Needs a primer to start

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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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Copying DNA in lab. Used to study/diagnose

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PCR needs

answer

Target DNA dNTPs (deoxyneucleotides) DNA primers Taq polymerase (stable at high temps)

question

Helicase

answer

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

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Ligase

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An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

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Repair for damage to bases from harmful molecules (like chemicals)

answer

Base excision (removes damaged base and replaces it)

question

Mismatch repair

answer

Repair for base mismatches due to errors in replication

question

Repair for double stranded breaks in DNA (Radiation/x-rays)

answer

Homologous recombination (using sister chromosome as model) Non homologous end joining (no model available)

question

Nucleotide excision

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Repair for damage from UV which causes adjacent nucleotides to fuse together (thiamine dimers)

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Amino acid sequence wraps around proteins called

answer

Histones

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Histones organize to form

answer

Nucleosomes

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Nucleosomes organize to form

answer

Chromatin

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Chromatin organizes to form

answer

A chromosome

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Complete dominance

answer

When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

question

Codominance

answer

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Both phenotypes are expressed.

question

Incomplete dominance

answer

when the phenotypes of the two alleles blend

question

Point mutations

answer

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

question

frameshift mutations

answer

Insertions and deletions

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4 parts of an amino acid

answer

Carboxyl group Alpha carbon Amino group R side chain

question

COO- I H - C - R I NH3+

answer

Abbreviated structure (amino acid)

question

3 types of amino acids

answer

Hydrophobic Polar Charged

question

Bonds in hydrophobic amino acids

answer

C-C, C-H

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Bonds in polar amino acids

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O-H N-H S-H

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Primary protein structure

answer

Sequence of amino acids form peptide bonds

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Secondary protein structure

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Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

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tertiary protein structure

answer

3-D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

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Quaternary protein structure

answer

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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hydrophobic interactions

answer

Weak interactions between amino acids in a protein that come together to avoid water and can be disrupted by heat

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2 types of bonds in polar interactions

answer

Hydrogen bonds Disulfide bonds

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Hydrogen bond

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Weak bond where hydrogen from a polar amino acid attracts an electronegative atom like O & N. Can be disrupted by heat and change in pH.

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Disulfide bond

answer

Very strong covalent bond between two sulfur atoms. Can only be broken by chemical agents.

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Ionic bonds

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Bonds in charged interactions between +R group and -R group. Moderately strong, can be broken by change in pH or by salts.

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Dehydration reaction

answer

Creates a peptide bond by removing water.

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Hydrolysis

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Breaking peptide bonds by adding water.

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protein phosphorylation

answer

The attachment of a phosphate group of a polar amino acid group.

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Protein dephosphorylation

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Removal of a phosphate group of a polar amino acid.

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competitive inhibitor

answer

A molecule similar to a substrate that can bind to the enzymes active site. Reversible Increased substrate=increase in reaction

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Non competitive inhibitors (allosteric)

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A molecule that binds to a place on the enzyme other than the active site that changes the shape of the enzyme which interferes with the binding of the substrate. Some reversible, some permanent. Increased substrate does not = increased reaction

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Feedback inhibition

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When end product is no longer being consumed and starts accumulating, the end product binds with the initial enzyme, stopping it from bonding with the substrate. Reversible

question

Ways to target enzymes in disease

answer

Modify diet (like HFI-removing fructose from diet) Enzyme therapy (like CF to increase digestive enzymes) Drugs that increase substrate of an enzyme(like Parkinson's with LDopa) Drugs that inhibit enzyme activity (like viagra)

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Myoglobin affinity and location

answer

High O2 affinity, stores O2 in muscles

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Hemoglobin affinity and location

answer

Lower O2 affinity, picks up O2 in lungs and delivers to body

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Myoglobin structure

answer

1 protein subunit (1 heme group and 1 iron)

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Hemoglobin structure

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4 protein subunits

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Cooperativity

answer

In Hgb, if 1 heme gets filled the other 3 want to get filled. If 1 O2 leaves, the others tend to leave.

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Hemoglobin in the lung -5 qualities

answer

Higher O2 affinity Relaxed state Higher pH Low CO2 Low H+

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Hemoglobin in muscle-5 qualities

answer

Lower O2 affinity Tense state Lower pH High CO2 Lots of H+

question

The Bohr effect

answer

The difference of O2 affinity at different pH Shift to left= in higher pH- higher affinity Shift to right= in lower pH- lower affinity

question

sickle cell anemia cause

answer

A mutation in the beta subunit of hemoglobin which leads to insertion of valine into the hydrophobic patches on deoxygenated Hgb.

question

ATP

answer

Molecule that fuels our body's activity

question

3 major steps in aerobic metabolism

answer

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle (CAC) or Kreb's cycle Electron transport chain (ETC)

question

Inputs of cellular respiration

answer

O2 and sugar

question

Outputs of cellular respiration

answer

CO2, H2O, ATP

question

Cellular respiration

answer

The process our bodies use to convert food to energy.

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Mitochondria

answer

Organelle of a cell where much of cellular respiration occurs.

question

Glycolysis location

answer

Cytoplasm

question

Glycolysis inputs

answer

Glucose 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 NAD+

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Glycolysis outputs

answer

2 pyruvate 2 NADH 4 ATP 2 ADP

question

Pyruvate moves into the ________ and is converted to ________.

answer

Matrix, Acetyl CoA

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Citric acid/ Krebs cycle location

answer

Matrix

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Citric acid/ Krebs cycle inputs

answer

Acetyl CoA NAD+ GDP FAD

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Citric acid/ Krebs cycle outputs

answer

CO2 NADH GTP FADH2

question

Electron transport chain location

answer

Inner membrane

question

Electron transport chain inputs

answer

NADH FADH2 O2 ADP + P

question

Electron transport chain outputs

answer

NAD+ FAD H2O ATP

question

At the end of the ETC, ATP is formed when

answer

Protons (H+) in the intermembrane rush through ATP synthase in the inner membrane and into the matrix.

question

What occurs when no O2 is present?

answer

ETC cannot occur. Instead fermentation happens.

question

Fermentation converts _________ into __________.

answer

NADH, NAD+ and 2 lactates

question

What happens in the Cori cycle?

answer

Fermentation To liver where 2 lactates are converted to glucose using 6 ATP Glucose goes back into blood stream and to cells.

question

Cori cycle has a net loss of _________.

answer

4 ATP

question

Glut 4

answer

Cell doorways for glucose.

question

Insulin _________ the Glut4 doors.

answer

Opens

question

Glucagon __________ the Glut4 doors.

answer

Closes

question

Glycogenesis

answer

Glucose forms a chain called glycogen. Happens in the liver when it detects insulin.

question

Glycogenolysis

answer

Break down of glycogen to glucose to be released into blood stream. Happens in liver when it detects glucagon.

question

In diabetes, glucose and protein do what?

answer

Bond to form a glycated protein. Glycated proteins aggregate to form Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

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