bio chapter 15 – Flashcards

Eukaryotes arose about ______ years after the first prokaryotes . A) 3.0 million B) 1.5 billion C) 3.5 billion D) 4.0 billion

Large amounts of oxygen gas appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. A) 200 million B) 1.7 billion C) 2.7 billion D) 4.5 billion

Animal life underwent its greatest diversification during the ______, which began about ______ million years ago. A) Permian. .. 290 B) Cambrian. .. 540 C) Carboniferous. .. 363 D) Mesozoic. .. 245

Land was first colonized about ______ years ago . A) 100 million B) 500 million C) 1.7 billion D) 2.5 billion

The first organisms to colonize land were A) animals B) plants and fungi C) bacteria D) protists and fungi

Based on fossil evidence, eukaryotes evolved about _____ years ago. A) 500,000 B) 1.5 billion C) 2.1 billion D) 3.5 billion

Which of the following is NOT true? A) The great diversification of animals occurred during the Cambrian explosion. B) For most of biological history, life was confined to aquatic habitats. C) The evolution of multicellularity took place after the origin of the eukaryotes. D) The first organisms to colonize land were animals.

The idea that life regularly arises from nonliving matter is referred to as ______. A) speciation B) spontaneous generation C) endosymbiosis D) biogenesis

The absence of ______ in the primitive atmosphere was essential to the origin of life on Earth. A) N 2 B) CO 2 C) CH 4 D) O 2

What was the first stage of the process that led to the abiotic origin of life? A) abiotic synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides B) origin of self-replicating molecules C) abiotic synthesis of polymers D) abiotic formation of pre-cells

Whose experiments demonstrated that, given the conditions on the primitive Earth, biological monomers could arise spontaneously? A) Miller and Urey B) Darwin C) Watson D) Margulis

Under what ambiotic conditions can monomers spontaneously form polymers?

why is RNA thought to have been the first genetic material

RNAs that can act as enzymes are called ______.

Variation among pre-cells was due to ______

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes? A) Bacteria B) Protista C) Archaea D) Bacteria and Archaea are equally closely related

The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs to the ______. A) Protista B) Archaea C) Monera D) Bacteria

Which of the following prokaryotes aid digestion in cattle, deer, and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose? A) halophiles B) dinoflagellates C) methanogens D) cocci

Spherical bacteria that occur in clusters are ______. A) streptococci B) bacilli C) spirilla D) staphylococci

Bacilli are ______ prokaryotes. A) spherical B) comma-shaped C) rod-shaped D) spiral

Which of the following would likely be the most difficult to kill were you to can your own food? A) microspores B) endospores C) sporophylls D) megaspores

Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ______. A) mitosis B) binary fission C) budding D) meiosis

Under ideal conditions, prokaryotes are capable of reproducing at a(n) ______ rate. A) hypergeometric B) exponential C) infinite D) arithmetic

You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absence of light. Nutritionally, you would classify this prokaryote as a ______. A) chemoautotroph B) photoheterotroph C) photoautotroph D) chemoheterotroph

All organisms that photosynthesize fit into which nutritional category? A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) photoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs

Which of the following include the two classes of poisons produced by pathogenic bacteria? A) exotoxins and endotoxins B) chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs C) protozoans and fungi D) bacilli and cocci

Food poisoning from Salmonella occurs because of A) an exotoxin secreted by the bacteria. B) an endotoxin found in the outer membrane of Salmonella bacteria. C) easy transmission between people living in close contact. D) extremophile conditions.

In the soil, some ______ convert nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants. A) protists B) animals C) protozoans D) prokaryotes

______ is an example of bioremediation. A) Cyanobacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use B) The use of an autoclave to kill endospores C) The use of prokaryotes to treat sewage D) A dinoflagellate bloom causing massive fish kills

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ______. A) archaea B) bacteria C) seaweeds D) protists

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, which organelles evolved from small prokaryotes that established residence within other, larger prokaryotes? A) vacuoles and lysosomes B) Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum C) centrioles and ribosomes D) mitochondria and chloroplasts

Flagellates, amoebas, apicomplexans, and ciliates are all what type of protist? A) slime molds B) protozoans C) dinoflagellates D) seaweeds

You discover a unicellular organism that moves by what appear to be pseudopodia. You conclude that this organism is ______. A) either a type of amoeba or a type of slime mold B) a type of bacterium C) a type of alga D) either a type of ciliate, or a type of amoeba, or a type of flagellate, or a type of apicomplexan

Which protozoan group consists solely of parasitic forms? A) apicomplexans B) ciliates C) flagellates D) amoebas

______ include cells that can function either independently or as a single unit. A) Dinoflagellates B) Forams C) Seaweeds D) Cellular slime molds

Which of the following are most closely related to plants? A) brown algae B) red algae C) cellular slime molds D) green algae

______ are responsible for toxic red tides. A) Plasmodial slime molds B) Dinoflagellates C) Red algae D) Diatoms

A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n) ______. A) apicomplexan B) foram C) dinoflagellate D) diatom

what accounts for the similarity between seaweeds and plants? A) Plants are the ancestors of seaweeds. B) Convergent evolution caused their similarity. C) Seaweeds are the ancestors of plants. D) Seaweeds are aquatic plants.

Inward folds of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell produced what in the eukaryotic cells. A) nuclear envelope and DNA. B) endomembrane system C) mitochondria D) chloroplasts

Endosymbiosis explains the origin of the WHICH organelles in eukaryotes. A) chloroplasts and mitochondria B) endomembrane system C) nuclear envelope D) membrane-bound organelles

According to this evolutionary tree, the archaea and eukaryotes last shared a common ancestor ______.

what kind of prokaryotes are these?