BIO CH 10 – Flashcards

In-group language descriptioins are abstract and general, while refering to out-group language becomes concrete and specific descriptions of our-group behavior

The can not carry out respiration, can't grow, can't replicate with out a host cell.

a 3-nulceotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit for the genetic code

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a double-stranded helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

an enzyme that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template.

the form assumed by DNA in living cells, referring to its 2 adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

Set of rules giving the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in mRNA and amino acids in protein.

the study of heredity at the molecular level

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; a major source of genetic diversity.

AN organic monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template.

A cellular structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into 2 subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.

On mRNA, the specific 3-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information.

In mRNA, 1 of 3 triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop.

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached.

the transfer of information from RNA into a protein; the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids

A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material. Viruses have a very simple structure and are generally not considered to be alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life.

building blocks of nucleic acids, an organic monomer consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA

a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

a double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA

polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together

enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand

a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins/phase 1 of transcription

the polymerase molecule detaches from the RNA molecule and the gene, and the DNA strands rejoin. this sequence signals the end of the gene/ phase 3 of transcription

on a tRNA molecule,a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA

other sources of mutations...such as physical and chemical agents

Nucleotide monomers

Timing and cytosine are single ring structures whereas adenine and guanine are double ring structures

RNA contains the nitrogenous base_____ instead of_____ which is only found in DNA

Thymine.....cytosine

CAG GTA

Watson and Crick

X-ray crystallography studies

Hydrogen

Each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

Polypeptide

Phenotype

20

3

All life shares a common ancestry

Single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

RNA polymerase

Promoter

The production of a longer RNA molecule

A cap and tail

RNA...... A polypeptide

Messenger

AGU

Ribosomes

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

molecular biology

DNA & RNA

polynucleotide

A, C, T, G

DNA

Thymine and Cytosine

Adenine and Guanine

RNA doe not have deoxyribose, it just has ribose.

double helix

+It evolved from 2 previous virus, the global response was that many of them took the immunization. +The virus evolves quickly- to quick for cures to be created. +After 20 cases the govt. quickly reacted +Every few years a new disease occurs in the world +Influenza killed over 40 million in 18 months

DNA is a double stranded (double helix) & the two strands are complementary to each other (G with C & A with T) RNA is single stranded. RNA is made up of base pairs (so is DNA). Three base pairs comprise a codon, which codes for different amino acids, which make up proteins. Histories are protein.

DNA transcribed into mRNA in cell nucleus; mRNA is processed & introns are snipped out, exons spliced together; mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the ribosome; tRNA matches amino acid to mRNA codons

DNA's language is written as a linear sequence of nucleotide bases on a polynucleotide. Specific sequences of bases, each with a beginning & an end, make up the genes on a DNA strand. The "language" changes when DNA is converted to RNA

+Transcription: the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA molecule + The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is initiation, elongation, termination 1) Initiation: gets it started 2) Elongation: build the RNA--adds nucleotides 3) Termination: RNA lets go of polyomase

mRNA?Proteins or converts information stored in RNA to a polypeptide. A step in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied(ortranscribed) into an mRNA. Happens in cytoplasm/E R; needs ribosomes.

brings together the mRNA, the first amino acid with its attached tRNA & the two subunits of a ribosome.

An mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit A special initiator tRNA then binds to the start codon, where translation begins on mRNA. the initiator tRNA carries the amino acid(Met); its anticodon, UAC, binds to the start codon, AUG

A large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a functional ribosome. The initial, tRNA fits into the P site on the ribosome.

Amino acids are added one by one to the first amino acid.

The anticolon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome

The polypeptide leaves the tRNA in the P site & attaches to the amino acid on the the tRNA in the A site. The ribosome creates a new peptide bond, thus the chain has one more amino acid.

the P site tRNA now leaves the ribosome & the ribosome moves the remaining tRNA, carrying around the growing polypeptide, to the P site. The mRNA & tRNA move as a unit, this movement brings into the A site the next mRNA codon to be translated.

Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the ribosome's A site

a transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule; the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

Stop codons--UAA, UAG, & UGA-don't code for amino acids but instead tell translation to stop

The completed polypeptide, is freed & the ribosome splits back into subunits

transfer particular amino acids we need-acts as 2 molecular interpreter, carries amino acids, & matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using anticodons

Specifies sequence, has codon-the molecule that is translated into protein

Is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

As with deletion, inserting one nucleotide disrups all codons that follow, most likely producing a nonfunctional polypeptide-worse

When a nucleotide is deleted, all the colons from that point are misread. The resulting polypeptide is likely to be completely nonfunctional, frame shift mutations-worse

Change the amino acids—can be called nonsense mutations, changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon

are thought to be a misfolded form of a protein normally present in brain cells

• Scrapie in sheep and goats • Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk • Mad cow disease • In humans—Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, an extremely rare, incurable, and inevitably fatal deterioration of the brain

are small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants

hepatitis, chicken pox, and herpes

common cold, measles, mumps, AIDS, and polio Flu viruses have RNA as their genetic material.