Bio 1B MT2 – Flashcards
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ascending moist air releases/absorbs moisture
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releases
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descending dry air releases/absorbs moisture
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absorbs
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__________ coined the term ecology
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Haeckel
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_________ is a pattern of ocean moving
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gyre
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________ ________ keeps East Coast and Europe warm
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Gulf Stream
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_________ ________ is cold water coming down from Alaska
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California Current
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_________ is a set of organisms that appears together
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biome
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___________ is the person we associate with biomes
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von Humboldt
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___________ was a Russian biogeographist who noticed biomes in Ecuador
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von Humboldt
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we characterize _________ _________ by vegetation and latitude
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terrestrial biomes
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_____________ is a plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region
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climograph
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we characterize _________ _________ by light and salinity
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aquatic biomes
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where light penetrates water is _________ zone
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photic
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where light no longer penetrates is _________ zone
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aphotic
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bottom of aquatic biome is _________ zone
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benthic
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deep in the aphotic zone is __________ zone
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abyssal
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photic and aphotic zones together make up _________ zone
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pelagic
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benthic zone is occupied by organisms called ____________
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benthos
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__________ is the dead organic matter that many organisms in the benthic zone use as food
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dendritus
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plankton most occurs in __________ zone
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pelagic
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seasonal turnover occurs in __________ lakes
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temperate
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___________ is stratification of the water in temperate lakes (more dense at the bottom, but changes with freezing)
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thermocline
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movements in the mantle cause plates to move over time in the process called __________ ________
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continental drift
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about 250M years ago supercontinent ________ formed
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Panagaea
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when extinction rate increases dramatically, it leads to ___________ extinction
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mass
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mammals underwent a major adaptive radiation after extinction of _________
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dinosaurs
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__________ in the area where one biome gradually changes into the adjacent
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ecotone
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_________ is an event such as storm or human activity that changes the community, removing organisms from it and altering availability
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disturbance
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________ make up the largest marine biome
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oceans
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________ lakes are nutrient-poor and oxygen-rich
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oligotrophic
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________ lakes are nutrient-rich
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eutrophic
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_________ measures represent the number of unique taxa within a sample
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richness
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EPT stands for
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Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera
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____________ __________ is a measure that is representative of tolerance of organisms to pollution
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biotic index
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___________ organisms use their body or construct nets to filter particles of organic matter out of the stream water
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filtering
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__________ is the study of the process of fossilization
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taphonomy
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_______ zone is column of water above ocean floor
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pelagic
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eutrophic/oligotrophic lakes are richer in nutrients
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eutrophic
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_________ ecology focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms and materials between ecosystems
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organismal
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__________ zone would probably be absent in a very shallow lake
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aphotic
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__________ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same general area
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population
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populations are often described by their boundaries: T/F
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T
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_________ of a population is the number of individuals per unit of area or volume
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density
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________ is the pattern of spacing among the individuals within the boundaries of a population
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dispersion
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What method is used to estimate the population size when individuals move too quickly?
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mark-recapture
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in ___________ pattern of dispersion individuals aggregate in patches
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clumped
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__________ pattern of dispersion is evenly spaced
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uniform
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__________ is the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals
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territoriality
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in __________ dispersion, position of each individual is independent of others
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random
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__________ is the study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time
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demography
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sea stars clumped together where food is abundant = __________ dispersion
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clumped
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dandelions grows based on where seeds are dispersed = __________ dispersion
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random
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life _________ is an age-specific summary of survival pattern of a population
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table
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_________ is a group of individuals of the same age
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cohort
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__________ curve is a plot of proportion/numbers in a cohort alive at each age
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survivorship
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late mammals (such as humans) usually have type ___ survivorship curve
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1
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organisms that produce large numbers of offspring but provide no care exemplify type ___ survivorship curve
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3
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type ____ curve has a constant death rate over organism's lifespan
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2
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_______ table is an age-specific table of fertility in a population
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reproductive
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___________ ________ is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
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carrying capacity
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carrying capacity is denoted as _____
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K
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in ____________ population growth model per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population nears carrying capacity
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logistic
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traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival make up its _________ ________
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life history
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___________ is one-time reproducer
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semelparity
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_________ is repeat reproducer
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iteroparity
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in _________ organisms tend to reproduce relatively few but large offspring
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iteroparity
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semelparity/iteroparity is favored in an unpredicted environment
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semelparity
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____ selection is density-dependent
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K
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___ selection is density-independent
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R
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____ selection operates in environments close to carrying capacity
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K
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___ selection operates in uncrowded environments
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R
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birth/death rate doesn't change with population density = density _________
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independent
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death rate that increases with population density is density ___________
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dependent
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birth rate that falls with population density is density __________
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dependent
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population fluctuations from year to year or from place to place are called _________ _________
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population dynamics
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when a number of local populations is linked, it forms _________
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metapopulation
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_________ is the number of individuals per unit area; _______ is the pattern of spacing of individuals in the population
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density dispersion
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graph that plots numbers of individuals who were alive at particular ages is called ________ _______
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survivorship curve
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antagonistic social interaction used to defend a bounded physical space is called _________
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territoriality
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temperature extremes is density dependent/independent factor limiting population growth
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independent
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what essential resource is likely to limit human carrying capacity?
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water
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________ is the movement of individuals out of a population
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emigration
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________ is influx of individuals from new areas
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immigration
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_______ model of population growth assumes there is maximum population size that the environment can support
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logistic
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________ describes an organism that reproduces once in its lifetime
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semelparity
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organisms living in a homogenous abiotic environment cooperate to avoid being eaten = _________ pattern of dispersion
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clumped
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the concept of ________ ________ summarizes aggregate land and water area required by each person to produce all resources he or she needs and absorb all waste he or she produces
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ecological footprint
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within a species organisms of different sizes consume different food - example of ________ _________
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resource partitioning
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can competition occur between different species?
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yes
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R0 is basic ___________ number
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reproduction
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__________ pressure refers to increased dispersal opportunity
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propagule
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____________ _________ is escape from predators in the context of invasion biology
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ecological release
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in ___________ survival and reproduction of both species is increased in the presence of the other
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mutualism
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___________ __________ is local elimination of inferior competitor
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competitive exclusion
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__________ competition occurs when individuals from different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival
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interspecific
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________ ________ is species that make up a community
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community composition
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_________ _______ is how community forms and assembles over time
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community assembly
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__________ ________ is 3D structure of communities as they develop
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community structure
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species start from nothing is __________ succession
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primary
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ecosystem restarting from a disturbance is _________ succession
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secondary
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community ________ is species that make up a community
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species
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glacial moraine (rubble) is an example of ________ succession
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primary
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________ _______ is change in composition over time
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ecological transition
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_________ community is a stable community that doesn't change with time
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climax
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chaparral is/isn't adapted to fire
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is
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dung beetles are an example of ________ succession
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secondary
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forensic science uses _________ succession
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secondary
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________ advises on network theory
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Berlow
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_________ species are organisms that you can see in the environment and represent a big proportion of what you observe
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dominant
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________ species have a big effect on the food web in proportion to their numbers
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keystone
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__________ _________ can change ecosystem landscape out of proportion to their numbers
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ecosystem engineers
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________ _______ transform the landscape itself
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ecosystem engineers
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only ~10% of energy from one level make it to the next is referred to as _________ ________
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trophic efficiency
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trophic efficiency is ~____ %
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10
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_______ is total solar energy captured at the top
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GPP
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______ is the energy available to consumers
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NPP
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NPP = ____ - respiration of autotrophs
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GPP
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_____ = total biomass accumulation
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NEP
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NEP = ______ - respiration of everything
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GPP
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_________ efficiency is basically trophic efficiency including envy we put into the system
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ecologic
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2 components to species diversity is ________ and _______
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richness evenness
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ecological _________ are species with overlap in their resource use; perform similar functions in a community
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guilds
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niche __________ = as you add species, they complement each other by using resources differently
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complementarity
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____________ diversity = diversity at one place
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alpha
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______ diversity is between different places
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beta
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biodiversity __________ has a lot of biodiversity and a lot of species that are unique
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hotspot
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higher/lower extinction rate = smaller area
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higher
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________ is a measure of reflectance
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albedo
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NPP stands for?
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net primary production
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are nutrients as important for terrestrial NPP as temperature and precipitation?
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no
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__________: current drives warm water off coast and cold water rises and brings nutrients
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upwelling
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the process of _________ is responsible for the coast of CA being so productive
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upwelling
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__________ results in dead zones
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eutrophication
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________ is one of the main limiting nutrients in aquatic systems
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nitrogen
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___________ is from land back into the atmosphere
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evapotranspiration
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T/F: the effective size of a population is usually larger than the size one might measure by conducting a census of a population
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F
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relationship between community threshold and R0 is _________ association
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positive
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change in species composition over time is _________ _________
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ecological succession
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__________ is when one species early in ecological succession makes it harder for future species to colonize and establish
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inhibition
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group of species that coexist and interact within a defined area is called ________ _______
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ecological community
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total amount of primary producer biomass available for consumption by heterotrophs is ______
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NPP (Net Primary Production)
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trade winds and westerlies are/aren't predictable
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are
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________ create currents
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gyres
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________ Current is along the California coast
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California
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California Current is cold/warm
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cold
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________ Stream goes from the Caribbean, along the East Coast and then to Europe
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Gulf
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________ Stream keeps East Coast and Europe warm
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Gulf
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__________ __________ Current goes all the way along Antarctic
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Antarctic Circumpolar
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there is less rain on the _________ side of the hill
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leeward
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30N is Tropic of _________
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Cancer
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30S is Tropic of _________
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Capricorn
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___________ occurs when the range of species or lineage is split apart
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vicariance
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intertidal regions are/aren't productive
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are
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___________ zone is very deep in the Earth's crust
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abyssal
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during what seasons does turnover occur?
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fall spring
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__________ created the term biogeographic regions
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Wallace
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_________ is a parasite that causes disease
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pathogen
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+/+ interaction is ___________
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mutualism
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+/- interaction is __________
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parasitism
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+/0 interaction is _________
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commensalism
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____________ is an ecological relationship in which 2 species live in close contact with each other
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symbiosis
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__________ is per capita birth rate
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fecundity
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________ pathogens are transferred to humans from other animals by means of intermediate species called vector
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zoonotic
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zoonotic pathogens are transferred to humans by means of ____________
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vectors
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____________ growth model includes carrying capacity
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logistic
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__________ is the smallest possible size of a population that will make it on its own
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MVP (Minimum Viable Population)
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_______ effect = if one of subpopulations disappears, it can be rescues
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rescue
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habitat _________ = mechanisms for organisms to move (bridges, etc)
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corridor
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_________ population size is the number of individuals in a population that are actually reproducing
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effective
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___________ is the total mass of all organisms in a habitat
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biomass
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_________ is when minerals in rocks become available for life
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leaching
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nitrogen _________ converts atmospheric nitrogen into usable form
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fixation
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____________ creates atmospheric nitrogen
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denitrification
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what is the major N2 reservoir?
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atmosphere
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what is the major carbon reservoir?
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minerals, limestone
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what is the major water reservoir?
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oceans
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___________ = we can't use it for life
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unavailable
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minerals in rocks are available/unavailable
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unavailable
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_________ is the main storage of compound/molecule
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reservoir
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_________ is movement between compartments
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flux
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feeding relationships between organisms are referred to as _________ structure of the community
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trophic
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keystone species are/aren't abundant in a community
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aren't
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_____________ includes parasitism, mutualism and commensalism
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symbiosis
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more diverse communities produce more _________ and are more resistant to invasion
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biomass
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bottom up/top down model shows unidirectional influence
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bottom up
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according to _________ ________ hypothesis, moderate levels of disturbance can foster higher species diversity
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intermediate disturbance
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according to island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is small/large, remote/close
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large close
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________ is the new biomass added per period of time
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NPP (Net Primary Production)
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_______ is total biomass accumulation over time
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NEP (Net Ecosystem Production)
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_________ is using organisms to detoxify an ecosystem
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bioremediation
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___________ _________ uses organisms to add essential nutrients to an ecosystem
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biological augmentation
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_________ ________ is using human (physical) activity to restore it
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physical reconstruction
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is global warming happening equally everywhere?
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no
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urban areas heat up more compared to what is just outside the city is exemplified by urban _________ _________
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heat island
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urban areas have lower/higher albedo
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lower
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urban areas are darker and have lower/higher albedo
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lower
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ozone is/isn't a pollutant in urban environments
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is
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what chemical comes from car exhaust?
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nitrous oxide
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_________ point is when the environment can't be recovered
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tipping
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________ forcing is when we're pushing the environment to a point where it's very hard to recover it
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global
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_________ _______ is going from one state in an ecological system to another
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state shift
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California Current is warm/cold
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cold
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Gulf Stream is warm/cold
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warm
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current is warm/cold
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cold
