BIO 1407 CH 34 – Flashcards
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How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?
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The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms
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Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?
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flat head with eyes on top, interlocking ribs, a neck
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What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
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a warm, freshwater swamp
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Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?
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Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.
To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose.
To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock.
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Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?
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Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.
Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates.
The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago.
DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives.
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Which of the following is a tetrapod?
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a reptile, a bird, a mammal, an amphibian
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Transitional fossil
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have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
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Traits that can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives
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Bipedalism, larger brain, extensive tool use
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Primate group most closely related to humans
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APES (such as chimpanzees)
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_____ are the oldest known primate group.
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Prosimians
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The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.
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Hominids
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Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?
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New World Monkeys (like Western Hemisphere)
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Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?
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vertebrae
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Features of Chordata:
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a hollow dorsal nerve chord, a muscular post-anal tail, notochord, pharyngeal slits or clefts
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Notochord
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a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult CHORDATE animals
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Pharyngeal slits
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filter-feeding organs
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Two subgroups of chordates that lack vertebrae
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Lancelets and tunicates
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As hominins have evolved, _____.
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sexual dimorphism was significantly reduced
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Which of the following chordate groups include(s) humans?
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Hominins, Gnathosomes, Amniotes
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Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?
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long bony tail, teeth in the jaws, claws on the end of each digits in the "hands"
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Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?
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the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs
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There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____.
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methods of reproduction
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Monotremes
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egg laying mammals
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marsupials
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pouched mammals
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eutherians
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placental mammals
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describing hominin evolution
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Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species.
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Which of the following chordates is most likely to look least like other chordates?
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adult tunicates
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adult tunicate
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does not have a notochord, a nerve cord, or a post-anal tail. The only feature it retains is the pharyngeal slit.
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The distinctive feature of the Chondrichthyes is:
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an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage
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Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle?
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amniotic egg
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Which clade does NOT include humans?
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Diapsids
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Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
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have some embryonic development outside the uterus
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Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades
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cyclostomes and gnathostomes
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As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
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bipedal locomotion
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Gnathostomes
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vertebrates that have jaws
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lateral line system
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present in gnathostomes where organs are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water
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The vertebrate taxon or taxa whose origin(s) involved duplication of Hox genes.
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Crainiates and Gnathostomes
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Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome.
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4 percent
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DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA.
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bone fragments
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The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____.
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gene flow
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triploblastic
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an animal having a body composed of three embryonic cell layers; the ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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Most multicellular animals are
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tripoblastic
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coelom
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main body cavity in most multicellular animals inside the body to contain the digestive tract
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Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is FALSE?
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ALL deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry with their bodies
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Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
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Exoskeleton
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An organism that is radially symmetric
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does NOT have any well developed head regions
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Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
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the development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.
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Chordates are defined by the presence of four morphological traits:
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a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail behind the anus.
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A pharyngeal gill slit is an opening into the throat
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can be used for feeding and gas exchange
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Vertebrates and tunicates share
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a notochord and a dorsal hollow nerve chord
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Jaws evolved _____.
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by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the pharyngeal gill slits; CHANGED THE FXN OF THE GILLS FROM FEEDING TO RESPIRATION
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What can be inferred about the costs and benefits of large brains?
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Natural selection favored the evolution of larger brains, suggesting that the benefits of large brains outweighed the costs.
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Why might natural selection have favored the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs?
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Large brains may make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
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Chordata
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DORSAL hollow nerve cord
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paedomorphosis
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larvae traits remain in adults; salamanders
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Order Urodela
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salamanders
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Order Anura
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frogs and toads
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Order Apoda
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caecilians: legless and nearly blind. in soil or freshwater (look like snake)
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Amniote Egg contain 4 membranes
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amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantios
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Diapsids
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group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes in each side of their skulls
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Anapsids
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Turtle
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Ratites
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flightless birds that lack a keel (sternum for wing attachment) EX: ostrich, emu, rhea
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Carinates
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birds with a keeled sternum for attachment of pectoral flight muscles EX: penguin, flamingo, hummingbirds, sparrow
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Archaeopteryx
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old bird found in germany with teeth and claws on wings, and bony tail
