BIO 103 FINAL – Flashcards

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the production of a strand of RNA from DNA?

Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false ? A) Eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus. B) Polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism. C) Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. D) Ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA.

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine?

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of DNA is false ? A) Watson and Crick received a Nobel Prize for their description of the structure of DNA. B) The DNA molecule has a uniform diameter. C) In a DNA molecule, adenine bonds to thymine and guanine to cytosine. D) The sequence of nucleotides along the length of a single DNA strand is restricted by the base -pairing rules.

When a T2 bacteriophage infects anEscherichia coli cell, which part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm? only the ___

The Watson Crick model for the structure of DNA is a ___ ____.

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages?

Considering only the steps that take place during translation, which of the following isnot 9) needed in order for translation to occur? A) tRNA B) sources of energy, including ATP C) DNA template D) ribosomes

DNA is shown to be the transforming substance when only the _______enzynes could inhibit transformation

One of Chargaff's rules states that

A____ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is false ? A) Ribosomal subunits are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA. B) A ribosome consists of two subunits. C) Each ribosome has two binding sites for tRNA molecules. D) Ribosomes are synthesized in mitochondria

Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation? use this arrow in between →

A DNA nucleotide is distinquishable from an RNA nucleotide by which of the following A) DNA nucleotides contain cytosine, RNA nucleotides contain thymine B) DNA nucleotides contain adenine, RNA nucleotides do not C) DNA nucleotides cotain uracil, RNA nucleotides contain thymine D) DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose, RNA nucleotides contain ribose

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ________ nucleotides in an RNA molecule.

Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are # of ___ nucleotide sequences.

The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that a drug is ____ with a hypodermic ___.

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the of a cellular component? Use → in between

Which of the following statements regarding a DNA double helix is true? A) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. B) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine. C) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of uracil, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. D) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine.

Which of the following is a function of a tRNA molecule? A) recognizing the appropriate anticodons in mRNA B) transferring nucleotides to rRNA C) joining to only one specific type of amino acid D) helping to translate codons into nucleic acids

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA is true ? A) Introns are added to the RNA. B) A small cap of extra nucleotides is added to both ends of the RNA. C) The modified RNA molecule is transported into the nucleus. D) Exons are spliced together.

How many amino acids will be found in a protein coded by the following mRNA UUUCGGAUAAAACCC

Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false ? A) RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil. B) RNA uses the sugar dextrose. C) RNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone. D) One RNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.

27) Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? ____ of a new ___ molecule

One type of virus that infects bacteria is called a

In the Watson and Crick mode of DNA, the "steps" of the ladder are composed of a __ and a ___

Transcription is initiation when ____ binds to a region of the DNA called the ____

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is

The correct sequence of events in translation is (3)

For translation to take place, which of the following would not be required to be present A) ribosome B) mRNA C) tRNA D) DNA

Which is the largest molecule? A) nucleic acid B) pyrimidine C) purine D) amiono acid

Transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when live _______ strain and dead ___ strain bacteria were injected into mice and the mice _______

Which of the followng structures is coded for by the shortest sequence of DNA? A) an RNA transcript having 75 codons B) a protein containing 35 amino acide C) an RNA transcript containing 750 nucleotides D) an RNA ranscript having 75 nucleotides

Which of the following statements is false? A) During the first step of initiation, an mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit. B) The start codon can be different depending on what kind of protein is to be translated. C) Translation consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. D) During polypeptide initiation, an mRNA molecule, the first amino acid attached to its tRNA, and the two subunits of a ribosome are brought together.

Which of the following takes place during translation? A) DNA replication B) the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides C) the conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes D) the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false ? A) DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil. B) One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure. C) DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose. D) DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, then the corresponding strand would be

Which of the followoing processes does not take place during translation? A) production of mRNA B) Attachment of ribosome to mRNA C) Growth of polypeptide chain D) Liberation of polypeptide from ribosome

In the genetic code, many ___ ___ are specified by more than one codon

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages?

A ______ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAGCAA, the complementary strand has whiuch of the following sequences?

We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence that includes a stop codon at the end (as part of the 15-nucleotide sequence) will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of ___ amino acids

The genetic code conains the specific information for determining the order of ___ ___ in a ___

If a muscle protein contains 30 amino acide, how many nucleotides would be needed to code for it?

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand of ACTGT?

lists the chemical components of a nucleotide

Monomers for the synthesis of DNA are called _____.

The two sugar-phosphate strands of a DNA molecule are held together by ____bonding between the nitrogenous bases, which are paired in the interior of the helix.

Which one of the following statements is true about double-stranded DNA? The two strands are ______, which provides the double helix structure

The genetic information in DNA is contained in the sequence of __________ along the length of ______ strand of the DNA molecule

Purines pair with _________.

During the replication of DNA molecules _____ strand/s of the DNA molecule serve as templates

Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as bases are added by the enzyme _____.

RNA __________ transcribes a strand of RNA complementary to a DNA strand.

The number of nucleotide bases on the mRNA that together designate an amino acid is _____; this unit is called a(n) _____.

The mRNA (and DNA) base triplets are called ____. Each amino acid in a protein is coded for by three ___ in the DNA. ____ nucleotides code for a single amino acid.

The DNA code is CGT. What is the sequence of nucleotides in the transcribed mRNA?

During the transcription of a given portion of a DNA molecule ____ is synthesized on only one of the chains

One strand of a DNA molecule has the following sequence: AGTACAAACTATCCACCGTC. For transcription of this sequence to occur, there would have to be a specific recognition sequence for the RNA polymerase, called a(n) _____, to the left of the DNA sequence indicated.

The region of DNA to which RNA _______ attaches to initiate transcription is the promoter.

Assume that a cell is carrying out its day-to-day activities. At one point, the nucleotides GAT are paired with the nucleotides CUA. This pairing occurred during the process of __________.

A terminator of mRNA synthesis is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals a ___ to the process of ____

Elongation continues until a ___ ____ is reached.

Which one of the following catalyzes the linkage between nucleotides to form mRNA? RNA ____

In transcription, the DNA promotor region acts as an ____ binding site for RNA polymerase

tRNA is used to associate amino acids with a growing ____ chain.

After binding to the promoter, the RNA polymerase initiates ____ synthesis at the start point on the template strand.

Genetic information is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in the form of _____.

TRUE OR FALSE? Exons from the same gene could be spliced in different ways to make different mRNAs.

Usually, in transcription of eukaryotic genes, exons and introns are transcribed, but the RNA transcribed from ____ does not leave the nucleus

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are processed before leaving the nucleus; ___ are removed and ____ joined before the mRNA enters the cytoplasm for translation.

TRUE OR FALSE? A mutation in an intron that does not change the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene would have no phenotypic effect on the organism.

In a eukaryotic cell, transcription takes place in the __________.

Each tRNA molecule is used repeatedly, picking up its designated ___ ___, depositing it at the ____, and returning for another amino acid.

During the process of translation, _____ matches an mRNA codon with the proper amino acid.

During translation in a eukaryotic cell, polypeptides are synthesized at ____ , according to instructions carried by mRNA

Translation occurs in the ___ ; transcription occurs in the ____ .

During translation, amino acid chain elongation occurs until the ribosome encounters ___ ___

Alterations that change an existing codon or insert a stop codon cause a premature ______ of the growing polypeptide chains.

A sequence of pictures of polypeptide synthesis shows a ribosome holding two transfer RNAs. One tRNA has a polypeptide chain attached to it; the other tRNA has a single amino acid attached to it. The ____ chain moves over and binds to a (single/double)___ amino acid

A particular gene and _____ contains the information for making a specific polypeptide, but ribosome and _____ can be used to make any polypeptide.

What is the proper order of the following events in the expression of a eukaryotic gene? 1. translation 2. RNA processing 3.transcription

Messenger RNA is made on a DNA ___ , and then amino-acid-bearing transfer RNAs line up on it through ___ -___ pairing.

DNA polymerase is used during DNA _____, not transcription.

In enveloped RNA viruses, the viral enzyme that produces copies of the RNA is probably most similar to which eukaryotic enzyme?

T2 is a ____ , a virus that infects bacteria.

the structure of DNA encodes genetic information through a sequence of ___

Determine if the mouse dies or lives when exposed to bacterium streptococcus pneumonae .... 1. injected with R strain non virulent 2. injected with S strain virulent 3. injected with heat-treated S strain 4. injected with R strain and heat treated S strain 5. injected with R strain and heat-treated S strain with polysaccharides, lipid, RNA, and protein destroyed 6. injected with R strain and heat-treated S strain with polysaccharides, lipids, RNA, proteins, and DNA destroyed

2 types of nucleic acids

DNA/RNA is more resistant against enzymes that bread down nucleic acids.

____ or phages, infect bacteria

key features of genetic material: - must periodically mutate to generate ___ - most encode blueprint to form ___ and other structures. - must be able to ____ and transmit to progeny.

Erwin Chargraff's experiments on the composition of DNA provided clues about the structure of DNA. He found that 1. DNA molecules contain similar numbers of A and ___ bases and similar numbers of G and ___ bases. 2. Proportions of A:T base pairs and G:C base pairs are similar for members of the ___ species and ___ between species

DNA nucleotide base _____: G and A T and A

Purine is a __ ring structure. Pyrimidines are a __ ring structure.

Purines form __ bonds with pyrimidines. A & T form __ hydrogen bonds G & C form ___ hydrogen bonds G & A have ___ rings. They are purines/pyrimidines. C, U, & T have ___ rings. They are purines/pyrimidines.

people responsible for finding out about the structure of DNA, using width to determine nucleotide paring in DNA. Width explained by purine and pyridine base pairing.

diameter of DNA double helix is 2 ___

DNA strands are ___ and include a 5' and a 3' end

the backbone of DNA is made of a ___ and a ____ molecule

5 carbon sugar of DNA

components of eukaryotic chromosomes (2)

What happens during the initiation step of DNA transcription? A portion of the DNA unwinds and ____ _______ attaches to the DNA within the transcription bubble.

What happens during the termination step of DNA transcription? The ____ detaches from the RNA polymerase as the RNA polymerase leaves the DNA strand.

DNA transcription process: 1. RNA polymerase binds to a DNA strand ____ from a gene. 2. RNA bases are paired with the DNA bases on the ____ strand by RNA polymerase 3. The RNA breaks away from the RNA polymerase, and they both ___ the DNA strand.

During RNA splicing, noncoding introns are ___ out and ___ from the pre-mRNA molecule and exons are ____ together.

___ is the portion of a DNA sequence that is not removed from pre-mRNA and is expressed in the protein ___ is the portion of a DNA sequence that is removed from pre-mRNA and not expressed in the protein

A poly-A tail is the sequence of ____ nucleotides added to pre-mRNA during ____ processing

a 5' cap is a modified form of a ____ nucleotide added onto the ___ of pre-mRNA

A long string of adenines called the poly-A tail is attached to the 3' end to prevent ____ from that side.

mRNA: a linear sequence of ribonucleotides is ____ from DNA that carries instructions for ____ production

tRNA: a cloverleaf-shaped structure of ribonucleotides that contains an _____ and is attached to an amino acid

Stop codons on mRNA function to end protein synthesis. A stop codon does not code for an amino acid, so protein synthesis ends when no new amino acid is added to the ___ chain.

___ ____ of biology: DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.