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key concepts of behavioral treatments

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primacy of behavior importance of learning treatments are precise assessment must be validated

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most abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained according to the same principles as

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normal behavior

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treatment plans in behavior therapies are

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individually tailored to different problems and different people

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SUD

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subjective units of distress

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3 C's of behavior therapy

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counter-conditioning (CC) contingency management cognitive behavior modification

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counterconditioning therapy (CC)

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Also known as 'reciprocal inhibition', Follows work of Pavlov and his conditioning of dogs. Systematic desensitization.

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contingency management

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Also known as behavior modification or behavior analysis.Is focused on operant conditioning. Follows work of B.F. Skinner

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cognitive behavior modification

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Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction. , A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing the client's self-verbalizations. Founded by Meichenbaum.

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anxiety heirarchy

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Least fearful (picture of object) to most fearful (holding/touching object). This can take time but is long-lasting.

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reciprocal inhibition

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do the healthy opposite of the problem and the problem will disappear. (relaxation,assertion, exercise)

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two important tasks in counterconditioning (CC)

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systematic desensitization begin with a low stimulant on a generalization gradient (small puppy v.s. large dog for someone with dog phobia)

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behavioral techniques

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systematic desensitation in vivo desensitation assertiveness training graduated homework assignments shaping social skills training refusal skills sexual arousal stimulus control behavior activation

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ABC's of contingency management

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A=the antecedent, which precipates the B, the behavior (Pavlov, wolpe and CC primarily concern themselves with A---B ( antecedent prompts behavior due to CC). After B comes C, the consequences of performing that behavior.

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behavior, whether adaptive or maladaptive is largely controlled by

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consequences

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DBT

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part of behavior therapy Dialelectical behavioral therapy

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behavior chain

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A--B--C

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Behavioral analysis

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looks at the behavior chain. What sets the stage for the maladaptive behavior (antecedent), operationalizing the behavior itself (behavior) and detailing the reinforcement contingenies that follow (consequences)

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3 frequent problem categories seen in behvioral analysis

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behavioral excesses (washing hands 30 times) deficits(rarely interacting with people) inapppropiateness ( dropping your pants in public)

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a consequence can be judged to be a reinforcement only if

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it actually increases the chances a response will be repeated. ( chocolate would be aversive consequence for me)

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therapeutic process for effective contingency management

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state the problem identify behavioral objectives take baseline measures conduct observation in natural setting modify existing contingencies Montor the results, compare to baseline measures

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institutional control with contingency management

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in the past reinforcements in psych. wards and hosp. came too infrequently, without reason, or were given for maladaptive behavior.. Token economics developed

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self control with contingency management

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the opposite extreme from institutional control. Client must have clear understanding of ABC of behavioral analysis. Ex. Obese patients can be taught self control of eating behaviors.

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Mutual control in contingency management

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when two or more people share control over the consequences that each wants. Most common control of contingencies involves 'contracting'

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Critique of 'contracting' in mutual contingency management

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the behavior exchange theory, which holds that we interact in order to exchange reinforcements. only works as long as there is a fair excahnge or reinforcements.

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therapist control in contingency management

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therapist provides incentive for change, using positive reinforcement. ex. substance abusers who have clean urine samples get retail vouchers.

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Aversion therapy

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The process of influencing behavior by means of aversive, or unpleasant, stimuli. Example: pairing of vomiting and shock with alcohol assumption. Should only be used after multiple attempts at positive alternatives have failed.ethical and legal concerns. Treatment gains do not last.

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covert sensitization

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aversive conditioning that takes place through the imagination. Requires one to imagine unpleasant scenes & pair the images with the targeted behavior

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biofeedback

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a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

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EEG

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a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain also know as neurobiofeedback

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what is temporal association?

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Classical conditioning theory: when 2 or more events repeatedly occur together, they become fused. Ex. bell and saliva

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Social learning theory, important figure

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Bandura, now known as Social Cognitive bridged the gap between behaviorism and cognitive psychology disagreed with Skinner's Operant conditioning, proved through BoboDoll experiments that people do not need to be directly rewarded to learn behavior.

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Food-unconditional stimulus, saliva-unconditional response bell-Neutral stimulus- no response After conditioning..Food-US ,saliva-UR Bell-Conditioned stimulus, Saliva -CR,

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what is Systematic desensitization

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a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias. based on counter-condtioning premise prior to BT, phobias were dealt with by psychoanalyst

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Treatments based on CC

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1.Systematic desensitization 2. Client constructs a fear heirarchy 3. Gradual counter conditioning Aversion therapy last resort. Doesn't last

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Operant learning theorist believe that humans learn to behave in certain ways because..

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They receive reinforcement from the environment whenever they do.

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examples of Operant conditioning of abnormal behaviors ;

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People who are stressed when they come home from work and have a drink to relax. The feeling of calm is the reinforcement. attitudes of sexism could be developed by praise of the parents whenever child says something derogatory toward the opposite sex prof who was manipulated by students either acting very interested or very bored. prof stuck to side of the room wher the positive attention was-

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Treatments based on operant conditioning

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token economy. You must figure our what motivates client. you must follow target behavior with rewards. Example of student: behave for 5 days and get a coke If it is not having any effect on the behavior, need to change

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Behavioral therapy developed from

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Labroatory and learning theory. Pavlov was a biologist. Most empiracally supported form of psychotherapy. Most deterministic of all therapies.

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what does deterministic mean?

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There are laws that underlie all human behavior. Behavior is determined.

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what is the empirical method?

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an idea is purposed, idea is translated into a hypotheses, hypothesis either supported or not supported. If it is supported idea grows.

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how did flooding originate?

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originally proposed as a combination of psychoananlysis and exposure therapy. Not used very often

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what is currently the most common treatment for anxiety?

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exposure therapy

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leading figure in operant learning theory

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BFSkinner people have to be conditioned(rewarded) to learn behavior

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what is the primary objective in exposure therapy

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place client in the presence of what they fear the most

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Classical Conditioning theory, state of the organism

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the organism is is a passive state. It is the stimulus that pulls a reaction from you. lemon juice, dropping a book,

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5 primary concepts of Classical conditioning

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US-Unconditional Stimulus ( before conditioning)

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3 primary experimental forms of learning

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classical, operant, social learning

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classical conditioning is based on the idea of learning through..

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Temporal association, where two or more events that occur around the same time, but are unrelated, become fused or conditioned.

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3 steps to systematic desensitization (Wolpe)

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teach client deep muscle relaxation client constructs fear hierarchy (begin with most benign) gradual removal of fear through counter-conditioning ( relaxation is paired with the CS, by having client imagine the least fearful on the hierarchy until he can remain relaxed when imaging the most feared object)

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in operant conditioning is the organism active or passive?

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Very active. Individual is freely operating, choosing behaviors.

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Operant learning posits that humans learn to behave in a certian way because they receive

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reinforcement or reward. This differs from individual to individual, but generally pleasant. food, praise, money

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Negative reinforcement example

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Seatbelt noise that will not go off until you put belt on. Negative because the noise is annoying. Put on the seatbelt and annoying noise goes away. Negative does not mean it is a punishment

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Exposure and Flooding

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part of the behavioral model Based on the theory that if we run away from our fears we will never overcome them. Therefore, when something is scary it is not helpful to run away. Stay in the presence of what scares you. Through the use of systematic reinforcements can overcome fears. Example, people who are afraid of flying have anxiety during turbulance, when pilot turns off seat belt light, anxiety levels drop.

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goal of exposure therapy

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stop avoidance behaviors ( like avoiding planes)

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EMDR

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eye movement desensitization response

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.what is the theory behind EMDR

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A trauma has caused a communication breakdown btwn right and left sides of the brain. Client is unable to process fully thr the experience and trauma can not be resolved. To facilitate the process EMDR therapists encourage bi-lateral movement involving sound, light or body movements. This occurs while the client is concentrating on the trauma. Meant to open the flood gates and the back and forth flow of information in the brain. .

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Response prevention

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technique in which therapists prevent patients from preforming their typical avoidance behaviors

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why is EMDR considered controversal?

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it is not supported by exposure and flooding therapists. They believe any success by EMDR has more to do with the safe and comfortable environment created by the therapist. Bi-lateral movement is superfluous

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what is contemporary behavior therapy

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a combination of divergent treatments and application. All are based on three C's of behavior therapy.(counter conditioning cc, contingency management and cognitive behavior

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anxiety is learned through conditioning, it can be unlearned through

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counterconditioning

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idea behind countercondtioning

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Behavior is controlled by its consequences. Bizarre behavior is controlled by reactions ( increased attention for example. Punishments result in behavior decreasing.

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whtat are discriminative stimuli

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stimuli that occur before the maladaptive behavior. Ex. when I pick up purse, kids know I am leaving the house, therefore they can get on Facebook. Also known as 'cues'

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