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Sociologists and researchers throughout history, have tried to determine why significant numbers of people in a community or society non -conform or violate norms, how these norms are created and how they change over a period of time. (Kendall, 2008). A number of biological explanations and social constructionist theories have developed over the ages. Biological […]

In the hills of the Carajas in South East Amazonia, in Brazil, there are huge deposits of high-grade iron and other minerals. The amount of iron found is the most that have ever been found in the world, an estimated 18 billion tonnes. To make the most of this huge and profitable resource, the government […]

(A) Behaviourists emphasise the role of environmental factors in influencing behaviour, to the near exclusion of innate of inherited factors. This amounts essentially to a focus on learning. The key form of learning is conditioning, either classical (pavlovian or respondent), which formed the basis of Watson’s behaviourism, or operant (instrumental), which is at the centre […]

China, with a population of approximately 11 million people and covering around 9 million square kilometers, is situated in East Asia. It operates under a one-party system that is managed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The current president is Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao holds the position of Premier Minister. Beijing, which is […]

Madhav Godbole’s book, ‘Public accountability and transparency: the imperatives of good governance’ deals with the contemporary political, administrative, social scenario in the country. It also addresses the issues relating to the largely untouched areas of judiciary, media and corporate governance. It presents a well documented analysis of the current milieu and all agencies involved in […]

Around the age of four years children begin to understand that the world can be experienced in different ways by different people and may therefore have a distinctive belief about reality. This ability to attribute mental states to others is seen as evidence that children have a “theory of mind”, this enables children to explain […]

Thomas Paine was born January 29, 1737 in Thetford, Norfolk. Despite an unremarkable early life, he went on to have astonishing experiences in the two biggest political upheavals of his time, the American and French revolutions. Paine’s work is typical of the period of the Enlightenment, in its call for reason over superstition; many of […]

It is perhaps customary to start an essay by defining the key terms of the argument. However any attempt to define feudalism is doomed to failure and illustrates the nature of the problem when using the term. Marc Bloch defined it as “a subject peasantry, widespread use of the service tenement instead of salary, supremacy […]

In this question we are concerned with the doctrine of Cabinet collective responsibility. In order to answer this question properly we are going to look at the following factors. What is the reason behind this doctrine? What are the legal rules and political conventions, which regulate this doctrine? What are the options available to the […]

In the field of occupational psychology, researchers have shown a great amount of interest regarding the relation of job satisfaction with work behavior. The nature of job satisfaction and its various elements such as emotional, behavioral and cognitive ones made the research more complicated, since the association of job satisfaction and productivity is not transparent. […]

The 1980’s were characterised by unemployment and cuts in social expenditure. Very different values and political objectives from those inspired the conservative social policies of the eighties and nineties in the days of welfare consensus. The explicit aim of the Thatcher government was to roll back the power and role of the state. [Fraser, D. […]

Zimbabwe is located in Southern Africa between South Africa and Zambia and also boarders with Botswana and Mozambique. The country has many resources available for exploitation, such as coal, gold, iron ore and copper. However, this is a country that is frequently plagued with devastating droughts. This has a huge effect on its 11,000,000 population, […]

The structure and organisation of French government has undoubtedly undergone dramatic changes since the inception of the Fifth Republic, not only as a result of the changes prescribed by the new constitution of 1958, but also subsequently to this in the evolving interpretations of the new system by leaders from De Gaulle onwards. Perhaps the […]

In essence, the British political system’s legislative section is Parliament. An asymmetrical bicameral system exists comprising of two unequal bodies, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The more powerful of the two is the House of Commons which operates primarily for purposes including representation, legislation, scrutiny and influencing the executive, debating on […]

The general belief that scientific analysis is a means by which the world is to be known ‘truly’, ‘rationally’ and ‘progressively’ come to eminence during the late 18th century with the ‘Age of Enlightenment’ (Giddens 1987; Foucault 1970). This meant that as on the one hand, the biomedical model of explaining disease rose and became […]

When sociologists conduct social investigation, they raised the questions of epistemology, which is a “branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of knowledge and truth”. (Macionis & Plummer 2002: 40) However, different sociologists use different ways to obtain the ‘truth’.Positivism and humanistic (interpretative) are two approaches of sociology, but they advocate totally different ways of […]

The traditional view of the UK’s constitutional arrangement of power in government has been that decision making in the executive rests with the cabinet, with the Prime Minister acting as “first amongst equals”. However, this has been challenged by many recently, who argue Margaret Thatcher in particular challenged and now Tony Blair has almost eliminated […]

This essay aims to evaluate the persuasive nature of the traditionalist perspective on economic globalization. It begins by giving an overview of the traditionalist, globalist, and transformationalist viewpoints on economic globalization. Then, it evaluates the argument put forth by traditionalists and the evidence they present to support their position. Traditionalists primarily rely on trade flows […]

This essay will discuss the socially constructed views or gendered norms of women and their sexuality within the Victorian period. Ideologies of gender and class saturated society in this period, these ideologies helped to shape the Contagious Diseases Acts. However, in order to discuss these discourses fully, there is a need to outline what the […]

I. IntroductionAlthough Freud did not fully expounded on art and literature, his notion of fantasy and dreams serves as one’s very own idea of beauty. By summing up the main principles of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis that are essential to understand its application to the literary theory, one could possibly grasp his eye for art […]

Although the 1920s is referred to most frequently as the ‘Roaring Twenties’ due to the relatively prosperous changes in the social and the economic way of America, a snapshot of the nation in the decade would have revealed huge social tensions, and a country ‘riven by social conflict and confused by social change’1. The struggles […]

“Three Represents” theory is an ideology which was introduced by Jiang Zemin. He first mentioned this theory in Guangdong and further explained it in the 80th anniversary of the establishment of CCP (Chinese Communist party) ceremony. In the 16th National Party Congress which was held recently, the “Three Represents” Theory has been written in the […]