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The design argument or the teleological argument suggests that the universe is created by a designer. It states that the complexity of the order and patterns of the operation of the world could not have been created out of chance or by random; instead it is made by a creator.William Daley is a well known […]

One initial problem with studying the belief in life after death is that there are a vast number of theories stating what they believe ‘life after death’ actually is. Therefore in order to effectively ascertain arguments for and against this idea, it is necessary to deal with each individual theory separately.Plato’s theory of dualism1 argues […]

“Why do I exist? What created the universe? Does God exist? ” Questions which have challenged philosophers for many years. The Cosmological and Ontological arguments attempt to answer these questions. Through this essay I hope to explore the methodology and formation of the arguments in their early stages, and their development through the years. I […]

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is about understanding what true reality is, and how it differs from what we perceive as reality. It starts off with describing prisoners, who have been chained since their childhood deep inside a cave; not only can they not move their arms and legs, but their heads are chained in […]

Copleston made it clearer in an argument with Bertrand Russell in 1948. God is not the cause of itself, but it contains its own sufficient reason for existence. When questioned what could be counted as a sufficient reason, Copleston defines it as “an explanation adequate for existence of some particular being. Cause can be a […]

Situation ethics is a theory based around love. It is a teleological theory which means it is a consequential theory and not one based on rules. Situation ethics is not based on all types of love but agapeistic love which is love for your fellow man. In the Christian tradition this may be expressed as, […]

While ethical relativism comes in many shapes, its most individualistic expression is ethical subjectivism. It argues that the criteria for what is considered morally right or wrong is ‘the individual’s perceptions, opinions, experiences, inclinations, and desires. ‘ Ethical subjectivism denies the existence of universal moral codes. It views ethics as being private, individual, and subjective […]

Utilitarianism derives from the word “utilis” a Latin word which means “useful in the English language. Utilitarianism deals with decisions and situation ethics, as in, what action in a certain situation will bring out the greatest good to the greatest amount of people. The theory which was devised by Jeremy Bentham, it is a teleological […]

It is hard to exaggerate the importance of religion in the years between the end of the Reformation Parliament and HVIII’s death. Religious change is important for its own sake and for its impact on politics (religion a key factor in factional disputes, esp. 1540+). Both of these areas form an essential background to the […]

Having assessed Source A, it is clear that Sir Anthony Eden harbored an unfavorable view of Colonel Nasser and had justifications for his opposition towards him. Eden believed that the canal was not essential to Egypt. He accused Nasser of being self-centered and taking control of the canal for his personal gain. Eden had to […]

The emperor’s control was limited as the imperial princes, who included spiritual leaders like the archbishop of Mainz, as well as wealthy nobles, held significant land areas. Consequently, several independent states existed within the empire. In the 16th Century, most of these princes embraced Lutheran beliefs. This essay explores the advantages that drew them to […]

In the eighteenth century and part of the nineteenth century, Great Britain had huge changes and went from an agrarian society to a capitalist society. This included changes in social and working conditions, people’s lifestyle, and urbanization. Great Britain had a population of 8.3 million people. The total population of people doubled to 16.8 million […]

Lord Liverpool’s government ruled at a time of huge national discontent, arguably exacerbated by policies introduced by the government. However, there are many reasons why this government could be considered unsuccessful in terms of defeating radicalism from 1815-1827. The government during this period is considered by some to be rather successful: the period of 1815-1821 […]

The advent of the Cold War has brought the “superpower squeeze”1 from the sole control of the European nations to the hands of the United States, battling it out with the last European superpower, the Soviet Union. Holding it out for a few more decades, the Soviets did not last and its demise left the […]

The ANZACs’ laid-back demeanor is depicted in the cartoons, with the one on the right showing a soldier smoking in a carefree manner. Their optimistic attitude towards warfare is seen through the smile on the soldier’s face. Additionally, the cartoons showcase the ANZACs’ unorthodox ways, given their reputation for being under-equipped and looking unkempt. Although […]

The relative ease with which Henry seemed to overthrow Richard III at the battle of Bosworth was down to a combination of Henry’s weaknesses and the military strength of Henry, who was an extremely determined character after many years languishing in exile having fled the Yorkist Kings. Years of conflict were to end in the […]

As you can see from this map war was raging in Europe in 1940 and Britain was in big trouble. Germany appeared unstoppable as the defeat of Poland had taken just under a month in September 1939 by using their new Blitzkrieg tactics in which tanks would converge in one big group and punch a […]

The six sources give very contradictory views on the idea that Germany was warlike and aggressive. The German chancellor, Von Bulow (source 1) and the Kaiser (source 4) strongly feel that it was not Germany who was being aggressive, but the other European powers. Germany was merely protecting itself from the increasing threat cast upon […]

The Cold War was not acctually a physical war faught between two or more Countries, it was a conflict between Cummunism and Capitalism that was mainly between Russia (Communsits) and The United States of America ( Capitalism).Both had different opinions on how a Country should be run, Russia believing in a Dictatorship whileAmerica believed in […]

1. In Source A, the reasons for the German defeat at Stalingrad are not explained adequately. However, it does state some of the causes. Such as ‘Troops without ammunition or food’, the fact that they were ‘without dressings or drugs’ for the wounded soldiers. The other reasons for the defeat that are not stated are […]

In what ways and to what extent does the concept of Spain’s ‘Golden Age’ apply more specifically to the reign of Philip II than to the whole of the period 1474-1598? Justify your answer by reference to the similarities and differences between the periods before and after the accession of Philip II in 1556. The […]

This article presents some preliminary empirical findings about the impact of the great terror in Leningrad (city and oblast’). The sheer scale of the purges makes a quantitative analysis of their impact viable, even within a very limited time span and within a defined geographical region. Leningrad itself offers an interesting case study because of […]