ASTRO 001: Exam 4 Review 1 – Flashcards

1. How did conditions differ from the present era when the universe was young? A.) The young Universe was colder, less dense, and smoother. B.) The young Universe was hotter, less dense, and smoother. C.) The young Universe was colder, less dense, and bumpier. D.) The young Universe was hotter, more dense, and smoother. E.) The young Universe was colder, more dense, and bumpier.

2. What is a quasar? A.) A radiation field that comes from recombination. B.) A region in the quark soup that has a lower temperature than other regions. C.) A very luminous source due to a black hole at the center of a galaxy that is quickly growing. D.) A type of supernova in a distant galaxy. E.) A type of neutron star that is spinning so rapidly that it breaks away from its magnetic field.

3. What forms in nucleosynthesis? A.) Most of the Helium-4 in the Universe. B.) Most of the Hydrogen-1 in the Universe. C.) Stars. D.) The cosmic microwave background radiation. E.) Quarks

4. What happens because of the formation of atoms? A.) Nucleosynthesis. B.) Formation of protons. C.) Formation of quarks. D.) The cosmic microwave background is produced. E.) The Universe starts to contract.

5. Which has the events in the right order, from early to late? A.) Star formation, quark soup, protons form, atoms form, nucleosynthesis. B.) Quark soup, protons form, nucleosynthesis, atoms form, star formation. C.) Nucleosynthesis, star formation, protons form, atoms form, quark soup. D.) Quark soup, atoms form, star formation, protons form, nucleosynthesis. E.) Atoms form, star formation, protons form, quark soup, nucleosynthesis.

6. After atoms form at 300,000 years into history, then the Universe becomes what? A.) Empty. B.) Opaque. C.) White. D.) Dead. E.) Transparent.

7. What will happen to our Hydrogen and Helium nuclei in order to form Hydrogen and Helium atoms? A.) Have to add protons. B.) Have to add neutrons. C.) Have to add electrons. D.) Have to add photons. E.) Have to add down quarks.

8. What did the Universe used to look like? A.) Transparent. B.) Translucent. C.) Colorful. D.) Opaque. E.) Photons.

9. To make Helium-4 you need what? A.) 4 protons. B.) 2 protons and 2 neutrons. C.) 2 protons and 4 neutrons. D.) 4 neutrons. E.) 1 proton and 3 neutrons.

10. Nuclei contain.... A.) Electrons, protons, and neutrons. B.) Electrons and protons. C.) Protons and neutrons. D.) Protons and electrons. E.) Neutrons and electrons.

11. What are the smaller parts of a proton? A.) Two down quarks and an up quark. B.) Two electrons and a neutron. C.) A strange quark, a down quark, and a charm quark. D.) An up quark and a down quark. E.) Two up quarks and a down quark.

12. What is an atom made of? A.) Photons and electrons. B.) Photons, gravitons, and strange quarks. C.) Protons, neutrons, and electrons. D.) Positrons and electrons. E.) Neutrons, photons, and W bosons.

13. What kind of particle carries the forces? A.) Quark. B.) Lepton. C.) Electromagnetic. D.) Antiquark. E.) Boson.

14. How many types of quarks are there, and how many types of antiquarks? A.) 24 quarks and 24 antiquarks. B.) 12 quarks and 6 antiquarks. C.) 6 quarks and 6 antiquarks. D.) 3 quarks and 3 antiquarks. E.) 30 quarks and 0 antiquarks.

15. How many types of fundamental particles exist? A.) 6. B.) 12. C.) 24. D.) 30. E.) 300.

16. Which force is responsible for holding the nucleus together via gluons? A.) Strong. B.) Weak. C.) Electromagnetic. D.) Gravity. E.) Photon.

17. What particle carries the strong force? A.) Graviton. B.) W boson. C.) Z boson. D.) Gluon. E.) Photon.

18. What are the four forces? A.) Gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong. B.) Weak, weaker, strong, stronger. C.) Photons, quarks, electrons, and protons. D.) Gravity, quarks, mesons, and leptons. E.) Electromagnetic, photons, light, and heat.

19. What are electrons a type of? A.) Proton. B.) Quark. C.) Neutron. D.) Neutrino. E.) Lepton.

20. Which is correct? A.) 24 different kinds of quarks. B.) 12 kinds of quarks and the corresponding 12 kinds of antiquarks. C.) 24 kinds of antileptons. D.) 6 kinds of quarks and the corresponding 6 antiquarks, and 6 kinds of leptons and their 6 corresponding antileptons. E.) 3 quarks and the corresponding 3 antiquarks, 3 leptons and the corresponding 3 antileptons, and 12 other antileptons.

21. Which is correct? A.) 6 flavors of quarks and 6 flavors of antiquarks. B.) 3 flavors of quarks and 3 flavors of antiquarks. C.) 6 flavors of quarks and 2 flavors of antiquarks. D.) 2 flavors of quarks and 2 flavors of antiquarks. E.) 12 flavors of quarks and antiquarks can't exist at all.

22. Why is the strange quark strange? A.) It is more massive than any other kind of quark. B.) It is less massive than any other kind of quark. C.) It is blue. D.) It lives longer than we would expect. E.) It is charmed.

23. What are the quarks really called? A.) Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Bashful, and Doc. B.) Electron, proton, photon, positron, meson, and muon. C.) Charm, strange, anger, hope, peace, and love. D.) Up, down, top , bottom, strange, and charm. E.) Gluon, W+ boson, W- boson, Z boson, graviton, and photon.

24. What are stars, planets, gas, and dust all made of? A.) Dark energy. B.) Dark matter. C.) Atoms.

25. What are we made of? A.) Dark energy. B.) Dark matter. C.) Atoms.

26. How could the Universe be accelerating, despite the gravitational pull of all the matter in it? A.) There's no friction in space. B.) There could be less dark matter than we think. C.) There could be a new force or property of space that affects the Universe on its largest scales. D.) Our laws of nature are incorrect. E.) Probably B and C.

27. How do we know that the Universe's expansion is speeding up? A.) We've measured it for a long time and seen that galaxies are moving faster with time. B.) We look at objects from different times in the past to see how expansion changes with time. C.) We can see the change in the expansion rate from year to year. D.) We can see the change in the expansion rate from month to month. E.) We can see the change in the expansion rate from week to week.

28. Why do we think there is a lot of dark matter in clusters of galaxies? A.) Individual galaxies are moving so fast that they could not be held together by the gravity of visible matter. B.) We've detected some of it with dark matter telescopes. C.) Gravitational lensing lets us measure mass even when we can't see it. D.) A, B, and C. E.) A and C.

29. Which of the following is NOT true about dark matter? A.) Evidence for dark matter has been building for many decades. B.) Dark matter and dark energy are two aspects of the same phenomenon. C.) Dark matter is inferred from unseen gravitational effects in galaxies. D.) Dark matter is the dominant source of gravity in the Universe. E.) All of the above are true.

30. How have astronomers interpreted the unexpectedly fast rotation of galaxies? A.) Scientific measurements must be wrong. B.) Galaxies may be breaking up. C.) There must be a lot of dark matter whose gravity can be felt but not seen. D.) These galaxies must have had collisions. E.) B, C, and D.

31. True or false? The primary evidence for an accelerating Universe comes from observations of young stars in the Milky Way. A.) True, observations show that there were many more young, massive stars in the early Universe. B.) True, massive star supernovae allow us to measure the expansion rate of the Universe. C.) False, in order to measure accelerating expansion, we need to measure the distances of objects billions of light-years away. D.) False, evidence for an accelerating Universe comes from observations of the oldest stars in the Milky Way, white dwarfs. E.) False, we have to look at young stars in other galaxies beyond the Milky Way to measure the acceleration of the Universe.

32. What is actually happening to the expansion of the Universe? A.) It is continuing more or less unchanged. B.) It is slowing down. C.) It is accelerating. D.) The Universe is unchanging. E.) It is tearing apart.

33. What did astronomers expect might cause the expansion of the Universe to slow down? A.) Friction. B.) Running out of energy. C.) Being very old. D.) The gravitational pull of all the matter in it. E.) None of the above.

34. How do we know that the Universe is expanding? A.) The rotation curve of stars in the Milky Way. B.) The motion of the Andromeda Galaxy. C.) The Doppler effect measured in many galaxies. D.) Inflation. E.) None of the above.

35. For which of the graphs was the result most curved, and closest to the one we are familiar with for the planet orbits about the Sun? A.) 0%. B.) 25%. C.) 50%. D.) 75%. E.) 100%.

36. When dark matter is added, what happens to the speeds of the inner and outer stars? A.) All the speeds increased the same. B.) The stars near the center slowed down, but the outer ones were accelerated. C.) All the stars sped up, but the outer ones gained the most speed. D.) All were slowed down by the tidal drag of the dark matter. E.) There was no change.

37. What was the "best" dark matter percentage? A.) 40%. B.) 50%. C.) 60%. D.) 70%. E.) 80%.

38. Where is the center of the Universe? A.) The center of the Universe is near a particular distant galaxy, and the Big Bang originated only at that point. B.) The Andromeda Galaxy is at the center of the Universe. Everything expanded from there. C.) There is no center to the Universe. Expansion is happening everywhere. D.) The Milky Way Galaxy is at the center of the Universe. Everything expanded from there. E.) No one knows where the center of the Universe is.

39. What is Hubble's Law? A.) The faster a galaxy is moving, the farther away it is. B.) The farther away a galaxy is, the slower it is moving. C.) All galaxies are getting closer together over time. D.) Galaxies are expanding over time, with their stars growing farther and farther apart. E.) Galaxies do not move in the Universe

40. How do you measure the speed of a galaxy relative to you? A.) Radar. B.) Doppler shifts. C.) Light echoes. D.) Lorentz transformations. E.) All of the above.

41. What technique for measuring distance can you use to discover Hubble's Law? A.) Cepheid variables in galaxies. B.) White dwarf supernovae in galaxies. C.) Redshifts of bright objects in galaxies. D.) A and B. E.) All of the above.

42. What parameters do Hubble's Law relate to each other? A.) Galaxy rotation speed and luminosity. B.) Galaxy classification and mass. C.) Cepheid star period and luminosity. D.) Galaxy recession velocity and distance. E.) Galaxy mass and distance.

43. In what part of the spectrum are starburst galaxies brightest? Remember: Starbursts are dusty. What does dust do? A.) X-ray. B.) Ultraviolet. C.) Visible. D.) Infrared. E.) Radio.

44. What is a Starburst Galaxy? A.) A galaxy whose spiral arms have been stretched out into a star-like shape. B.) A galaxy with a supermassive black hole at the center. C.) A galaxy with a very high rate of star formation. D.) A galaxy with multiple supernovae. E.) A galaxy with a lot of gamma-ray emission.

45. What type of galaxy can result from collisions between galaxies? A.) Spiral B.) Elliptical. C.) Irregular. D.) A or C. E.) B or C.

46. According to models of galaxy formation, which population of stars formed first? A.) The spheroidal population. B.) The disk population. C.) The irregular population. D.) The elliptical population. E.) All stars are about the same age.

47. You will see that the Universe is almost 14 billion years old. That means that we see the most distant galaxies as they were when the Universe was: A.) A few thousand years old. B.) 1-2 million years old. C.) 1-2 billion years old. D.) 4-6 billion years old. E.) 13 billion years old.

48. When galaxies collide.... A.) Their stars collide with each other. B.) Their mutual gravitation will greatly distort each galaxy. C.) Gas and dust from the two galaxies collide and stars form. D.) All of the above. E.) B and C.

49. What are possible reasons that galaxies differ in form? A.) Pre-galactic clouds have different densities. B.) Pre-galactic clouds have different rotation rates. C.) Galaxies collide with one another, creating different types. D.) All of the above. E.) A and B.

50. When we look at the farthest galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field we can see their light from: A.) About 12 or 13 billion years ago. B.) About 4.5 billion years ago. C.) About 1 or 2 billion years ago. D.) About 4 million years ago.

51. What scales would you see distant filaments and voids? A.) 10^24 m. B.) 10^25 m. C.) 10^26 m. D.) 10^27 m. E.) 10^28 m.

52. How big was the Virgo Cluster in size? A.) 10^19 m. B.) 10^30 m. C.) 10^24 m. D.) 10^53 m. E.) 10^44 m.

53. Our whole galaxy is about ____ times larger in size. A.) 100. B.) 1,000. C.) 10,000. D.) 100,000. E.) 1,000,000.

54. How big are nebulae in size? A.) 10^5 m. B.) 10^10 m. C.) 10^25 m. D.) 10^17 m. E.) 10^50 m.

55. Some of the biggest stars like VY Canis Majoris is almost the size of.... A.) The Asteroid Belt. B.) Our Solar System. C.) The Orion Nebula. D.) The Orion arm of the Galaxy. E.) The Milky Way.

56. How small is the Planck length, the smallest unit of the fabric of space itself. A.) 10^-20 m. B.) 10^-35 m. C.) 10^-25 m. D.) 10^-18 m. E.) 10^-50 m.

57. How small are Hydrogen atoms? A.) 10^-7 m. B.) 10^-8 m. C.) 10^-9 m. D.) 10^-10 m. E.) 10^-11 m.

58. How small are red blood cells? A.) 10^-3 m. B.) 10^-4 m. C.) 10^-5 m. D.) 10^-6 m. E.) 10^-7 m.

59. What is the difference between an E0 and an E7 Galaxy? A.) The E7 has an oval shape and the E0 is circular. B.) The E7 has a larger disk than the E0. C.) The E7 has a smaller disk than the E0. D.) The E7 has a circular shape and E0 is oval. E.) There is no such thing as an E0 Galaxy.

60. Compared to spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies have.... A.) More gas, redder colors, and less new star formation. B.) Less gas, bluer colors, and more new star formation. C.) More gas, bluer colors, and more new star formation. D.) Less gas, redder colors, and less new star formation. E.) Less gas, bluer colors, and more new star formation.

61. Which properties of spiral galaxies allow us to sub classify them as Sa, Sb, or Sc? A.) Size of bulge and extent of spiral arms. B.) Color of stars in the disk. C.) Shape of the halo. D.) Size of the disk. E.) Orientation.

62. What happens to the planets in a galaxy when that galaxy collides with another galaxy? A.) Smaller stars collide with each other, forming more massive stars which swallow the planets. B.) They are pulled out of their orbits by the tidal forces of the intruding galaxy. C.) They accrete a whole lot of new matter and become stars themselves. D.) Nothing, because the spaces between stellar systems in a galaxy is much larger than their size. E.) They ignite completely and explode violently.

63. In the symbol for the Hubble type of a galaxy, SBc, the "B" denotes what? A.) Tightly wound spiral arms. B.) The presence of a bar. C.) The presence of a ring. D.) A large bulge component. E.) Loosely wound spiral arms.

64. The ____ regions contain only old stars. The younger ones have ended their lives. And the ____ regions contain both young and old stars and the young, more luminous ones dominate the light. A.) Red, blue. B.) Red, red. C.) Blue, blue. D.) Blue, red.

65. What color are the star clusters in the spiral arms and what does that mean? A.) Red and that means they are old. B.) Red and that means they have just formed recently. C.) Blue and that means they are old. D.) Blue and that means they have just formed recently. E.) Black and that means they are covered by dust.

66. What type of stars does the bar contain? A.) Old, cool stars that glow redder. B.) Young, cool stars that glow bluer. C.) Old, hot stars that glow bluer. D.) Old, cool stars that glow bluer. E.) The bar isn't made of stars, just gas.

67. What type of stars do the spiral arms contain? A.) The hottest, newest stars. B.) The coldest, newest stars. C.) The hottest, oldest stars. D.) The coldest, oldest stars. E.) Pecans and walnuts.

68. What is true of irregular galaxies? A.) They have spiral arms but are smaller than the spiral galaxies. B.) They have regular, smooth structures. C.) They are usually larger than spiral galaxies. D.) They have no defined shape or structure.

69. What kind of galaxies are the largest galaxies in our Universe? A.) Spiral. B.) Irregular. C.) Elliptical.

70. How would you describe the distribution of galaxies in your Local Group? A.) They just look randomly distributed. B.) There are the two big galaxies, and then the dwarfs seem to be clustered around them. C.) The big galaxies are together at the center and the dwarfs are in a big circle around them. D.) The dwarfs are in the center clustered together and the two big galaxies are off to the side. E.) The two larger galaxies are on one side of the group and all the dwarfs are on the other side.

71. Where are open clusters found? A.) No stars are forming in the galaxy today. B.) In the halo C.) In the disk. D.) Only around the Sun. E.) B and C.

72. Where do stars form in the galaxy today? A.) No stars are forming in the galaxy today. B.) In the halo. C.) In the disk. D.) Only around the Sun. E.) B and C.

73. Why do stars in the halo of the galaxy have almost no heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen? A.) Those elements have been used up in halo stars. B.) Heavy elements are biological, and there is no life out there to make them. C.) Halo stars formed before those elements were made. D.) Making C, N, and O requires massive stars, and there are no massive stars in the halo. E.) None of the above.

74. What does our galaxy look like? A.) It has a large disk with spiral arms, and is relatively flat and thin. B.) It has clouds of gas and dust in the spiral arms. C.) Older yellow stars are found mostly in the central bulge. D.) Old stars and globular clusters are located in a spherical halo above and below the disk. E.) All of the above.

75. About how long does light take to cross the Milky Way? A.) About a month. B.) About four years. C.) About 26,000 years. D.) About 100,000 years. E.) Millions of years.

76. The open clusters were a population of relatively young stars, so where would you expect to see them from? A.) In the halo with globular clusters. B.) In the disk. C.) In the bulge. D.) Only around the Sun. E.) Behind us.

77. What other population of stars are relatively old? A.) Open clusters. B.) OB associations. C.) Globular clusters. D.) Blue clusters. E.) Superclusters.

78. What can we say about stars that contain relatively few amounts of heavy elements? A.) They are younger than stars with more heavy elements. B.) They are older than stars with more heavy elements. C.) They are the same age as stars with more heavy elements. D.) They are actually brown dwarfs. E.) They are actually white dwarfs.

79. How do you measure the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way? A.) Look at the amount of light that it emits and apply the inverse square law for brightness. B.) Look at the orbits of nearby stars and apply Kepler's Third Law. C.) See how fast it sucks stars in from the outer parts of the galaxy. D.) Look at a spectrum of the black hole and measure its spectral type. E.) Find its temperature, and assuming it is a black body, calculate its mass.

80. Now I will ask you about the Galactic Center. What is the mass of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way? A.) 1 solar mass. B.) 10 solar masses. C.) 3,000 solar masses. D.) 4 million solar masses. E.) 200 billion solar masses.

81. What kind of a gas cloud can collapse and form stars? A.) A very hot gas cloud that has a huge internal pressure can collapse and form stars. B.) A gas cloud that has a mass less than 10 solar masses can collapse and form stars. C.) The gas cloud must have a mass that exceeds the Jeans mass so that gravity overcomes the internal pressure in the cloud. D.) The gas cloud must have a mass that is smaller than the Jeans mass so that gravity overcomes the internal pressure in the cloud. E.) A black hole can collapse and form stars.

82. Which of the following is FALSE? A.) A supernova is an explosion of a high mass star at the end of its life. B.) A nova can be caused by a white dwarf gaining material from a nearby companion star. C.) A Type Ia supernova is caused by the addition of Hydrogen-rich material onto a white dwarf. D.) A light echo is caused by light from an exploding star that gradually reaches different layers of gas around the star. E.) A nova is more luminous than a supernova.

83. What are the differences between open star clusters and globular star clusters? A.) Open clusters are more concentrated, older, and have more stars. B.) Open clusters are less concentrated, older, and have fewer stars. C.) Open clusters are less concentrated, younger, and have more stars. D.) Open clusters are less concentrated, younger, and have fewer stars. E.) Open clusters are more concentrated, younger, and have more stars.

84. The supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy is: A.) 15 light-years away. B.) 300 light-years away. C.) 8,800 light-years away. D.) 26,000 light-years away. E.) 90,000 light-years away.

85. How could you figure out the mass of such an object? A.) Kepler's First Law. B.) Kepler's Second Law. C.) Kepler's Third Law. D.) Kepler's Fourth Law. E.) None of the above.

86. How are stars being formed in the Eagle Nebula? A.) The whole Nebula is unstable to collapse. B.) The dust column is twisting and fragmenting into stars. C.) Shock waves from heated gas are crashing into colder gas and compressing it, allowing stars to form. D.) A passing pulsar is compressing portions of the nebula with its jets. E.) No stars are forming. All the brights stars seen are actually outside the Nebula.

87. What causes the arcs and bubble shapes in the dust and gas distribution of the Orion Nebula? A.) Previous generations of supernovae. B.) Photon pressure of newly formed stars. C.) Gravity waves from black holes. D.) Stellar wind from local stars. E.) Synchrotron radiation.

88. What is the trapezium? A.) Four young stars whose stellar winds and energy input significantly affect the Nebula. B.) A collection of dust pillars within the Nebula. C.) A prominent protoplanetary disk in the Nebula. D.) A large star cluster within the Nebula. E.) An alternative name for the Orion Nebula.

89. What is the source of the magnetic field in the Crab Nebula? What is at the very center? A.) A black hole. B.) A neutron star. C.) A white dwarf. D.) Nothing. The star blew itself up. E.) An excited Nebula.

90. What produces the blueish haze in the middle of the Crab Nebula? A.) It is primarily from emission lines of oxygen. B.) It is produced by smashing streams of gas. C.) It is produced by accelerated electrons. D.) It is a condensing Hydrogen cloud. E.) We don't know.

91. What year did people on Earth see the Crab Nebula explode? A.) 1993. B.) 1877. C.) 1054. D.) 108 B.C. E.) Around 2,300 B.C.

92. How long ago did the CasA supernova occur? A.) 100 years ago. B.) 340 years ago. C.) 1,600 years ago. D.) 34 million years ago. E.) 1.6 billion years ago.

93. What elements are in the supernova remnant? A.) Oxygen. B.) Sulfur. C.) Hydrogen. D.) Nitrogen. E.) All of the above.

94. The blast wave from the supernova is moving at.... A.) 1,600 kilometers per hour. B.) 16,000 kilometers per hour. C.) 160,000 kilometers per hour. D.) 16,000,000 kilometers per hour. E.) The speed of light.

95. What gets left behind in the middle of a planetary nebula? A.) A newborn star. B.) A white dwarf. C.) A neutron star. D.) A black hole. E.) None of the above.

96. Which of the following main-sequence turnoffs indicates the oldest globular cluster? A.) O5. B.) O9. C.) B7. D.) B2. E.) G2

97. The main-sequence turnoff of a star cluster tell us the cluster's.... A.) Age. B.) Mass. C.) Distance. D.) Composition. E.) Size.