Question 1

Frederick Schreiber

Accepted Answer

Fought against oralism. Helped give deaf people a voice in legislation.

Question 2

William Stokoe

Accepted Answer

Claimed ASL had linguistic abilities. Created a dictionary for ASL.

Question 3

Jack Gannon

Accepted Answer

Gave a detailed account of how the Deaf community came into existence and how it thrives despite oppression and discrimination.

Question 4

Roy K. Holcomb

Accepted Answer

Compilation of humorous anecdotes. Wrote a book about Codas. First to present a singular way to live among deaf people through their eyes.

Question 5

Barbara Kannapell

Accepted Answer

In 1972, Kannapell co-founded Deaf pride, Inc., a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting the rights of deaf children and adults, especially minorities, as well as promoting bilingual education for the deaf. She served as its president until 1985.

Question 6

David Anthony

Accepted Answer

The creator of SEE1, (a manual code of english or MCE) and is deaf.

Question 7

Gerilee Gustason

Accepted Answer

Co-developer of S.E.E.

Question 8

Harry Bornstein

Accepted Answer

Created the most common method of Signed English in the U.S. Former Director of the Gallaudet Signed English Project. Was given an award for valuable service on behalf of deaf people.

Question 9

Lee Brody

Accepted Answer

A pioneer in developing affordable TTY\'s for the Deaf community. Developed the world\'s first Braille TTY. His company designed a line of assistive devices, including doorbell and phone ringing light signalers and wake up devices.

Question 10

Harlan Lane

Accepted Answer

Research is focused on Deaf culture and sign language. Received a Genius Award. Controversial (hearing) spokesman for the Deaf community. He has been given the highest level of academic honor by the French government. Coauthor of The People of the Eye: Deaf Ethnicity and Ancestry. Coauthor of A Journey into the Deaf World.

Question 11

Paddy Ladd

Accepted Answer

Deaf scholar, author, activist, and researcher of Deaf culture. Core campaigner of Deaf rights since the 1980s. He toured with the Grateful Dead as their on stage sign translator. Authored the book Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood.

Question 12

Tom Humphries

Accepted Answer

Co-authored Inside Deaf Culture and Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture with his wife, Dr. Carol Padden. Coined the term \'audism\' in 1975.

Question 13

Sound and the Deaf community

Accepted Answer

Deaf people have learned about how sound works, how it travels, and it\'s volumes. Deaf people actually know a lot about sound, sound plays a role in their lives.  Deaf people can not only see how sound works, but they can feel its vibration. Deaf people construct their world around the resources of movement, form, and sound. A huge misconception among hearing people is that Deaf people live in a world without sound. To hearing people, the metaphor of silence portrays what they believe to be the dark side of Deaf people, an inability to use sound for human communication, but a failure to know the world directly. They also assume that deaf people have no concept of sound and that it plays no part in their world.

Question 14

Deaf people and a different center

Accepted Answer

Deaf Perspective:  Deaf: cannot hear  Little hard of hearing: mostly deaf, can hear a tiny bit  Very hard of hearing: can hear a lot Hearing: can hear Hearing Perspective:  Hearing: can hear  Little hard of hearing: mostly hearing, just a minor loss  Very hard of hearing: cannot hear a lot  Deaf: cannot hear

Question 15

Characteristics of Deaf Culture

Accepted Answer

Similar structure as other cultures, behaviors developed over years Extensive social network  Values: Respect for ASL Respect for eyes/hands Full visual access to information Full access to videos Availability of qualified interpreters Visual signaling devices Support for deaf professionals or organizations  Rules of Behavior: Eye contact during conversation Getting attention Avoiding visually noisy situations  Traditions: Clubs, community events etc Sports, board games Oral history, deaf humor, ASL poetry, folklore, storytelling Mime, plays, skits  Norms: Introductions Dating or marrying other deaf people Sharing news. Dissociation from speech Emphasized language and culture cannot be separated  Language expression (Kannapell and communication styles):  ASL monolinguals: deaf people competent only in ASL. ASL dominant bilinguals: deaf people skills in ASL and English, but more fluent in ASL Balanced bilinguals: deaf people able to use both languages equally well English dominant bilinguals: deaf people who are more fluent in English than ASL English monolinguals: deaf people who have no knowledge of ASL and use English as their primary language Semi -lingual: deaf people who have limited skills in both

Question 16

Minority group/linguistic community, subgroup, culture

Accepted Answer

Katherine Meadow coined the term \'subculture\'. The intention was to place Deaf culture among one of many cultures that existed under the umbrella of \'American Deaf Culture\'. Culture is generally defined as the values, beliefs and practices of a group of people.

Question 17

Definitions of \"deaf\" and \"Deaf\" people

Accepted Answer

\"deaf\" is a term used to identify one\'s ability to speak and hear.  The term \"Deaf\" refers to how people are culturally deaf OR the means of identifying the group and one\'s connection to it.

Question 18

Deaf Education stakeholders

Accepted Answer

Deaf Child Hearing Parents Audiology Specialists Teaching Staff Deaf Community Members School District Special Education Providers

Question 19

Critiques of Deaf education - legal requirements of Deaf education

Accepted Answer

Manualism vs. Oralism

Question 20

Artificial sign systems and their development

Accepted Answer

These sign systems came to be used in school settings. Early attempts viewed SL as without grammar-so grammar was \'grafted\' from spoken languages into Sign Language. Rochester Method Seeing Essential English (SEE 1): Seeing Exact English (SEE 2) Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE) Pidgin Signed English (PSE) Signed English (SE): Simultaneous Communication (SIMCOM): Total Communication:

Question 21

Rochester Method

Accepted Answer

All inclusive fingerspelling, near mouth to work with lipreading.  1878 - Western New York Institute for Deaf-Mutes (now Rochester School for the Deaf) founder Dr. Zenas Westervelt 1950s - California School for the Deaf at Riverside 1970s - brief attempts to adopt (known as Visible English) in Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi 120 Considered this the midway between oral and manual approaches. This method was very straining and exhausting to read every word. Influence on sign language-modified fingerspelling to take on meaning.  Fell out of favor-1980s

Question 22

Seeing Essential English (SEE 1):

Accepted Answer

Developed by: David Anthony, deaf teacher (1960s) Taught at Michigan/California Rationale= hearing children are exposed to words in different types of sentences and learn that they have different meanings Use one sign for a word (regardless of meaning)  Ex. RIGHT Added new signs for word endings Ex. -ing, -ness,  Added signs for verb forms \"to be\" Am, is, are,  No longer in widespread use

Question 23

Seeing Exact English (SEE 2)

Accepted Answer

Developed by: deaf woman, Gerilee Gustason, later chair of Dept of Ed at Gallaudet Morphologically similar to SEE I, followed same basic rules, but used traditional ASL signs and created signs for pronouns and affixes. Still used in some mainstream schools

Question 24

Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)

Accepted Answer

Developed by: deaf man, Dennis Wampler. Similar to SEE I, one sign for each word, addition of new signs for plurals and nouns Used Stokoe\'s notation system Developed signs for the first letter of the word as part of the sign Ex. Training, rehearsal, function, vacuum 122 > interesting note: all three worked together : 1969 California. They developed guidelines and principles for inventing new signs in attempt to change existing ASL to represent English words.- differences of opinion, moved in different directions

Question 25

Pidgin Signed English (PSE):

Accepted Answer

Commonplace in 1970s ASL arbitrarily in English word order simplest form of manual English doesn\'t use word endings or articles Often appear in deaf-hearing interactions

Question 26

Signed English (SE):

Accepted Answer

Developed by: hearing professor at Gallaudet, Harry Bornstein Most signs = one meaning Addition of initialized signs and affixes Still used in some parts of country Trend = initialize signs by signing the finger spelled letter Ex. Bus, truck, car Ex. Group, class, family

Question 27

Simultaneous Communication (SIMCOM)

Accepted Answer

Practiced by persons who use spoken words while signing at the same time Problems: Speaker ends up speaking/stops signing Speaker skips some signs during discourse Speaker produces sloppy fingerspelling Speaker signs in an unclear fashion 123 Not possible or appropriate to produce two languages at the same time SIMCOM = English grammar and structure and inappropriate signs

Question 28

Total Communication:

Accepted Answer

Initially called Total Approach until 1969 Developed in day school program in Anaheim, CA 1968 Child has right to multiple educational approaches in addition to speech and sign language.  Roy Holcomb \"father of total communication\" Implemented program at Delaware Sterck School when he was superintendent Also at MD school for the deaf 1976 - TC was CEASD http://www.ceasd.org approved definition of TC: Total communication is a philosophy requiring the incorporation of appropriate aural, manual and oral codes of communication in order to insure effective communication with and among hearing impaired persons.\"  Pendulum swinging back toward use of SL in schools today: hearing people/children learning SL separation of deaf children from language environments = communication abuse.

Question 29

5 mechanisms of categorizing ASL as using linguistic analysis and terminology

Accepted Answer

1) \"Talking Culture\" 2) \"Performance\" 3) \"Instruction\" 4) \"Collecting and Displaying.\" 5) \"Differentiating\"

Question 30

The first use the term \"minority group\" and \"linguistic community\" in which book?

Accepted Answer

1965- Stokoe, Casterline, Croneberg- Dictionary of ASL

Question 31

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Accepted Answer

Widespread acceptance of authentic and meaningful integration Segregation as abuse of civil and human rights > viewed as inherently and universally unjustified

Question 32

Under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504

Accepted Answer

Discrimination against qualified people with disabilities in federally funded public places is prohibited.

Question 33

PL 94-142

Accepted Answer

was enacted in 1975 (Education for all Handicapped Children) to ensure desegregating all sorts of special education, giving all students the right to an appropriate education. Mainstream programs emerging Parents usually had to fight for their deaf children\'s right to public education

Question 34

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1990/ 1999/2004

Accepted Answer

Provides more regulations on free appropriate public education Mainstream boom Parents usually have to go through legal process to place their deaf children in residential program (policies vary by state) Local Educational Agencies (LEA) typically are the gatekeepers

Question 35

No Child Left Behind (NCLB-2002)

Accepted Answer

With the implementation of the NCLB, the goal is for all students to: Attain a rating of minimum proficiency or better in reading and mathematics by 2014 Become proficient readers upon finishing their third grade Become proficient in English if they have limited proficiency in English Be taught only by highly qualified teachers Be educated in safe, drug-free and conducive learning environments Graduate from high school

Question 36

Newborn hearing screening to ensure early intervention. (NCSL, 2011)

Accepted Answer

The strengthening of 0-3 Parent-Infant programs/early intervention (involvement) programs Remedial actions (e.g., cochlear implantation, speech therapy, shared book projects, ASL classes for parents and infants)

Question 37

Placement: The Decision-Making Process and the Individualized Educational Law Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

Accepted Answer

A description of the current academic and social levels of the child Specifies services that school district and parents agree should be provided to the child Guide based on capabilities as determined by informal/formal assessments carried out by professionals in school district or in speech/hearing center (hospital)  Includes: Statement of annual goals and subgoals for achievement List of specific educational needs of child and services required to have needs met Schedule of when service will be implemented/terminated Plan how to evaluate whether objectives are met

Question 38

What does capitalized D in \'Deaf\' refer to?

Accepted Answer

Capitalized \'Deaf\' means the culture, language and values of the Deaf people are embraced by the Deaf person.

Question 39

What does lowercase d in \'deaf\' refer to?

Accepted Answer

Lowercase deaf means the person has a hearing loss, prefers to use spoken language and socialize with hearing people.

Question 40

What is the definition of \'culture\'?

Accepted Answer

Culture is generally defined as the values, beliefs and practices of a group of people.

Question 41

What is Deaf culture?

Accepted Answer

Deaf culture refers to the beliefs, morals, artistic expression, behaviors, understanding, and language expressions that Deaf people use.

Question 42

Can someone grow up as a member of other culture(s), and then join/add Deaf culture later in their lives?

Accepted Answer

Yes.

Question 43

When and how did the term \'Deaf culture\' become more widespread?

Accepted Answer

In the late 1980s when Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture (Padden & Humphries) was published.

Question 44

Culturally Deaf people prefer to be called:

Accepted Answer

Deaf and/or hard-of-hearing.

Question 45

What is the percentage of deaf people/children who have hearing parents as opposed to deaf people/children who have deaf parents?

Accepted Answer

96%

Question 46

What are CODAs in the context of the Deaf-World?

Accepted Answer

Hearing children of Deaf adults.

Question 47

How many deaf people are there in the world?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 360 million in the world have \"disabling\" hearing loss.

Question 48

American Sign Language, which is slightly less than 300 years old, came from several older sign languages. What were they?

Accepted Answer

Old Spanish and French Sign Language, Native American Sign Languages, and the sign languages of New England villages.

Question 49

The first school for the deaf, now known as the American School for the Deaf, was established by Deaf Frenchman Laurent Clerc and hearing American Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in ___ during the year of ___.

Accepted Answer

Hartford, Connecticut; 1817

Question 50

Which sign language was used by both Deaf and hearing people in schools, churches and at the marketplace?

Accepted Answer

Martha\'s Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL)

Question 51

Missionaries and teachers who travel to other countries, teaching American Sign Language (ASL) to local Deaf communities are often responsible for:

Accepted Answer

The deaths of local, indigenous sign languages.

Question 52

Ethnologue estimates there are ___ different sign languages used in the world.

Accepted Answer

137

Question 53

ASL is spread mostly through:

Accepted Answer

Horizontal transfer, from deaf person to deaf person.

Question 54

Approximately how many Deaf Americans are there in the United States?

Accepted Answer

500,000

Question 55

ASL is classified as a \"foreign language\" in the United States, just like:

Accepted Answer

Navajo

Question 56

Jacobs (1996) says that the average number of years needed to become fluent in ASL is:

Accepted Answer

7

Question 57

ASL was formally recognized as a natural language in ___ by William C. Stokoe, Dorothy Casterline and Carl Cronenberg.

Accepted Answer

1960

Question 58

Members of Deaf communities fight for Deaf children (e.g. Child First campaign) to be educated:

Accepted Answer

In classrooms with deaf peers, learning through sign language.

Question 59

During the 1800s, the majority of schools for the deaf in the United States were:

Accepted Answer

Bilingual, using sign language and written English in classrooms.

Question 60

From the early 1900s through the 1960s, the majority of the schools for the deaf in the United States were:

Accepted Answer

Monolingual, using only spoken English in the classrooms.

Question 61

When children (deaf or otherwise) do not receive early access to language, what happens to them?

Accepted Answer

They will experience cognitive and language deprivation issues growing up. Enrolling deaf children in Deaf schools are often used as the last resort after all of the other options are exhausted.

Question 62

According to Olivia & Lytle (2014), people in Deaf communities are frustrated, mainly because:

Accepted Answer

Full access to ASL, bilingual education programs with deaf peers and Deaf teachers have been found to be effective for educating deaf children - why not start with something that actually works?

Question 63

Deaf children are not always simply deaf; they can also have additional disabilities. Most common additional disabilities for Deaf students according to GRI (2011) are:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive disabilities, learning disability and vision issues (low vision or blind).

Question 64

Deaf children who have no access to language from birth:

Accepted Answer

Often invent their own system of gestures to express themselves.

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