ARTH Test Three (27, 30, 31) – Flashcards

-Hernan Cortes took Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan -Mexicans rose to power -Derives from word Aztlan (distant place, refers to all living in Central Mexico -Combined Aztec deities with more ancient ones long worshiped in Central Mex -Blood letting and human sacrifice; world created many times; lived in 5th sun -Sculpture: monumental, powerful and unsettling -Feather-work -Colored manuscripts

-Beginning of 16th was one of largest states in world -"Land of the Four Quarters" -Center=capital Cuzco "the navel of the world" -Small then quickly expanded though conquest, alliance, and intimidation -To hold them together the Inca relied on religion, an efficient bureaucracy and labor taxation; in return gifts and lavish ritual entertainments -Kept detailed accounts and historical records -Built many roads -Macchu Picchu -Fine textiles and metalwork

-Displaced through bribery, violence, and treaties (Trail of Tears) -Art was small, portable, fragile, and impermanent -Not appreciated for aesthetic qualities but collected as anthropological artifacts, curiosities, or souvenirs

-Two types of life: nomadic lifestyle (dependent on the region's buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter; died out quickly) and an older sedentary and agricultural lifestyle -Horses from Spanish explorers -Forced westward and farmlands taken by Europeans -New style bc mix of Native Americans and backcountry settlers -Ended abruptly in 1869 with transcontinental railway linked east and west=easy access to Native American lands -Euro-American hunters killed off most buffalo; ranchers moved in and NA moved to reservations

-Iroquois then Huron and Illinois -Europeans=trade (valuable things for learning about agriculture, hunting, and fishing)(furs for metal tools, cookware, needles, cloth, glass beads, and silver) -Quillwork: tattoos, body paint, elaborate dress -Beadwork common after European contact

-Abundant resources (salmon) -Tlingit, Haida, and the Kwakwaka'wakw -Animal imagery popular bc each extended family group (clan) claimed descent from a mythical animal or animal-human ancestor from which they got their family name (Shamans mediated bw human and spirit world) -Lived in large, elaborately decorated communal houses of timber and planks -Textiles: diving weave was popular design -Masks used to call upon guardian spirits-strings to move beak

-Puebloans (sedentary village-dwelling groups) and the Navajo -Puebloans: are heirs of Ancestral Puebloans and Hohokam cultures -Ancestral: build apartment like villages and cliff dwellings -Navajo: developed a semi sedentary way of life based on agriculture and shepherding -Maintained their land

-Secret romances -Following death of Louis XIV -To accommodate aristocrats in town houses -Playful luxurious atmosphere-more lighter and fanciful than bold Baroque favored by Louis -Term combines barocco (pearl) and French word rocaille (garden or interior ornamentation using shells and pebbles)

-Grand tour (Italian focus) -Pompeii and Herculaneum -Inspired by Classical past: a way of viewing the world and an influential movement in visual arts -Sought to present Classical ideals and subject matter in a style derived from Classical Greek and Roman sources -Paintings reflect the crystalline forms, tight compositions and shallow space of ancient reliefs -To inspire patriotism, nationalism, and courage -Popular in Britain, America, and France as visual expression of the state and political stability -Rosalba Carriera leading portraitist of in Venice worked in pastel; in Royal Academy -Rome: Angelica Kauffmann, Benjamin West, and Gavin Hamilton; Most influential communities formed at the Villa Albani on outskirts of Rome under Cardinal Alessandro Albani=his villa sold reals/fakes and was museum -Britain: celebrates universal and the rational -More public art form -Used to promote virtues of democracy and republicanism -Lasted so long because taught in academies -Secular public buildings with sense of grandeur and timelessness

-Britain: Harnessed the concept of civic virtue to patriotism to create Romantic works dedicated to British nation; Art and lit: beginnings of Romanticism -Attitude; celebrates the individual and the subjective -Early: The Sorrows of Young Werther by Wolfgang von Goethe where man fails at love and kills himself -More individual and private art form -Early 19th: emphasis on emotional expressiveness and unique experiences and tastes of individual -Dramatic subjects from literature, current events, natural world, artist's imagination, with goal of stimulating viewer's sentiments and feelings -Nature as ever-changing; analogy to equally unpredictable and changeable human moods and emotions -Evoked gothic past (spirituality and community)

-Rising food prices, unemployment, political disenfranchisement, and gov inaction -Violence, social unrest, overcrowding, poverty -Revolution of 1848 led by coalition of socialists, anarchists, and workers brought end to July Monarchy and established Second Republic -Emile Zola, Charles Dickens, Honore de Balzac wrote about real lives of urban lower class -Less of style, more of pairing modern life honestly

-Younger painters painting pretty pictures of the upper middle class at leisure in countryside and in city some rural scenes but point of view was to be that of a city person on holiday -Began to paint not in the studio but en plain air -Flat expanses of pure color directly on canvas -Greatly helped by invention of collapsible metal tubes for oil paint that artists could pack and take with -Capture the play of light quickly before it changed -Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir -Declaration of independence from Academie

-Coined by Roger Fry to describe diverse group of painters whose work he had collected for an exhibition -Artists didn't share unified approach to art; all used Impressionism as springboard for developing individual styles -Seurat -Japonisme -van Gogh -Gauguin

-van Gogh (Japonaiserie: Flowering Plum Tree) affected by recently imported examples of Japanese art for exotic visuals -After isolation Japan could trade -One of first sent was sketchbook called Manga by Hokusai passed around Parisian artists -Japonisme (coined by Philippe Burty) spread with exhibition to malls

-Championed by loose affiliation of artists who addressed the irrational fears, desires, and impulses of human mind in work -Fascination with dark recesses of the psyche with photographic and scientific examinations of the nature of insanity -Some sought escape from modern life in irrational worlds of unrestricted emotions (Edgar Allen Poe and Sigmund Freud) -Rejected the value placed on rationalism and material progress in modern Western culture, choosing instead to explore irrational realms of emotion, imagination and spirituality -Sought deeper and more mysterious reality beyond everyday life, conveyed through strange and ambiguous subject matter and stylized forms that suggest hidden/elusive meaning -Moreau -Munch

-French for New Art -Embraced the use of modern industrial materials but rejected the functional aesthetic of works like Eiffel Tower that showed exposed structure as architectural design -Drew inspiration from nature (vines, snakes, flowers, and winged insects) whose delicate and sinuous forms were consistent with the graceful and attenuated aesthetic principles of the movement -Goal: harmonize all aspects of design into integrated whole, as found in nature itself

-Paul Cezanne laid ground work with sketches after death

-Tenochtitlan is on first page with its sacred ceremonial precinct for the Spanish viceroy -Intended to be seen by Charles V, HRE and King of Spain -Contains history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests -List of the tribute paid by the conquered -Description of daily Aztec life in traditional Aztec pictograms

-Aztec capital -Founded by Cortes -Built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in Valley of Mexico -Looked like on water -Decided on this place bc their god told them it was it (Huitzilopochtli) -Turned into capital with expansion -Center was sacred precinct (walled enclosure with many temples etc) -Great Pyramid (Templo Mayor) with paired temples on top

-Center circle: represents sun god Tonatiuh; tongue used for sacrifices -Four boxes around are 4 previous worlds, each represented by a god: Jaguar, water, rain, and wind -On either side: sun gods hands with human hearts -Circle of 20 boxes-one day of 20 day months; above each box has 5 dots which are days of week -Big Vs=rays of the sun -Serpent heads at bottom bodies are outer circle -1476 at top

-A Native American technique in which the quills of porcupines and bird feathers are dyed and attached to materials in patterns -For women; Doublewoman taught in a dream

-Portable dwelling made of skins and sticks -Adapted to withstand wind, dust, and violent storms -Pyramid with 3 or 4 poles then more, learned slightly to go against wind -Women made them; decorated -Platform for transporting

-Popular during 18th & 19th C -Extended tour of cultural sites in France and Italy intended to finish the education of a young upper-class person primarily from Britain or NA

-A large room for entertaining guests or a periodic social or intellectual gathering, often of prominent people, held in such a room -Or a hall or gallery for exhibiting works of art

-A subject in painting depicting well-dressed people at leisure in a park or country setting -Most often associated with 18th C French Rococo painting

-A painting or print of a fantastic, imaginary landscape, usually with architecture

-Italian for "vista" or "view" -Paintings, drawings, or prints, often expansive city scenes or of harbors

-Of the taste for the familiar, the pleasant, and the agreeable -Popular in 18th and 19th c Euro -Originally used to describe the "picture like" qualities of some landscape scenes -When contrasted with the sublime, it stood for interesting but ordinary domestic landscape

-A fine-grained, unglazed, white ceramic developed in 18 c -Josiah Wedgwood -Often with raised designs remaining white above a back ground surface colored by metallic oxides

-History painting -Portrait -Genre painting -Landscapes Painting -Still Life Painting

-Process of making a print (lithograph) from a design drawn on a flat stone block with greasy crayon -Ink is applied to the wet stone and adheres only to the greasy areas of the design

-Promoted and supported public virtue and integrity -Encouraged by reformers

-Of a concept, things, or state of greatness or vastness with high spiritual, moral, intellectual, or emotional value; or something awe-inspiring -Goal to which many 19th c artists aspired in their art

-The strong consciousness of and attention to the institutions, themes, styles, and forms of the past, made accessible by historical research, textual study, and archaeology

-Fascination with Middle Eastern cultures that inspired eclectic 19th c Euro fantasies of exotic life that often formed the subject of paintings

-An early photographic process that makes a positive print on light-sensitized copperplate -Invented and marketed in 1839 by Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre

-First photographic process utilizing negatives and paper positives -Invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in late 1830s

-French term (meaning in the open air) describing the impressionist practice of painting outdoors so artists could have direct access to the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere while working

-Aztec -First page of Codex Mendoza -Eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus growing out of a stone (the symbol of the city) in center -Waterways divide city in quarters and indicate lake surrounding city -Leaders sitting on quarters -Warriors at bottom represent Aztec conquests and a count of years surround the entire scene -Combines historical narration with idealized cartography, showing city in middle of the lake at moment of its founding

-Aztec -Head composed of 2 snake heads -Necklace of hands (creation) and hearts (sacrifice), skull (eternal watchfulness) -Flat boobs Bc had 400 kids -Most important child: war God Huitzilopochti, impregnated by feather, children wanted to kill her -Full grown baby came out and killed the 400 -Serpent skirt (constant movement of life) -Claws (brutal forces of nature) -Bottom: relief carving of earth God, Tlaltecuhtli

-Inca -Straddles a ridge between two high peaks in eastern slopes of the Andes and looks down on the Urubamba River -Stone and now lacking thatched roofs, occupy terraces around central plazas, and narrow agricultural terraces descend into valley -Was royal estate for the Inca ruler Pachacuti -Court may live here when it gets cold in Cuzco -Important diplomatic negotiations and ceremonial feasts may have happened here -Designed with great sensitivity to its surroundings

-NA Eastern Woodlands -Wampum: belts and strings of cylindrical purple and white shell beads -Iroquois and Delaware peoples used them to keep records (purple and white as a memory device) and exchanged them to conclude treaties -Few have survived -Said to commemorate an unwritten treaty when the land now comprising the state of Pennsylvania was taken by the Delaware's in 1682 -Two figures of equal size holding hands, suggests the mutual respect enjoyed by the Delaware and Penn's Society of Friends (Quakers), a respect that later collapsed into land fraud and violence -Had the authority of a legal agreement and symbolized moral and political power

-NA Great Plains -Formed by buffalo skins -Can withstand strong and constant wind, dust and violent storms -Framework: a stable pyramidal frame of 3 or 4 long poles, filled out with about 20 other poles on oval plan -Covered in waterproof/flexible hides or later with canvas -20-40 hides used; opening at top for smoke -Leaned slightly into prevailing west wind while flap-covered food and smoke hole faced east (away from wind) -Inner lining covered lower part of walls and perimeter of floor to prevent occupants from drafts -Property and responsibility of women -Set up in less than an hour -Quilled, beaded, and embroidered tipi linings; patterns varied -General: bottom with traditional motifs and the center section held personal images -Dragged by horse to another location and platform for carrying other things

-NA Great Plains -Recorded their exploits in paintings on tipis or buffalo-hide robes -Earliest documented one presented to Lewis and Clark during transcontinental expedition -Illustrates battle fought in 1797 by the Mandan and their allies against the Sioux -Tried to capture the 5 nations by showing a party of warriors in 22 separate episodes -Part led by man with pipe and eagle-feather headdress -Men with details of equipment and rank -Horses in profile -Painter pressed lines into hide then filed them with black, red, green, yellow, or brown pigment -Strip of colored porcupine quills run down spine of hide

-NA Northwest Coast -Willie Seeweed -Harsh winter when spirits most powerful, many on Northwest Coast seek spiritual renewal through ancient rituals -Snapping beaks and cries of "Hap" ("Eat") Hamatsa (the people-eating spirit of the north) and 3 assistants (masked monster birds) begin ritual dance -Youths captured and taught lore/rituals and are "tamed" and brought into civilian life in a dance -Huge carved and painted wooden mask, articulated and operated by strings by dancers -Canadian Gov. outlawed this, but fought back and got it back

-Rococo -Jean-Honore Fragonard -Romantic subject, light color palette, and decorative natural motifs -Intended for aristocratic home, decorative, salon -Pastel means added white, against saturated colors of Baroque art; lighter colors emulate light hearted mood of aristocrats -Elaborate fashions by aristocrats -Curving foliage (trees) used in architectural decor in rococo -Bishop pulls woman -Tosses shoe at man -Lover:hides in bushes so bishop can't see:foliage plays roll; secret romances -Cupid shushing gesture=won't tell -Seen as reaction to restrictions placed on aristocracy by Louis XIV

-18C Italy -Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) -Vedute: view of famous landmark; Venice -Thought he used the camera obscure to render this with exact topographical accuracy; but actually by freehand -Views are rarely topographically accurate: composite of images composed that we want to believe its real -Sold many to British visitors that dealer sent him to London to paint views of London

-Neoclassicism -Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington) -Designed by owner -Example of British Neo-Palladianism -Inspired by Villa Rotonda -Bilateral symmetry of Palladio's although central core is octagonal rather than round and only 2 entrances -Main entrance flanked by matching staircases is a Roman temple front -Elevation characteristically Palladian with a main floor resting on a basement and tall, rectangular windows with triangular pediments -Persuaded William Kent to be collaborator (designed interior and grounds (English landscape garden)) -Garden was different: winding paths, a lake with a cascade, irregular plantings, etc

-18C Satire -William Hogarth -Trained as portrait painter: art should contribute to improvement of society -Worked in satire of political/social targets -Then began illustrating moralizing tales of own invention in sequence of 4-6 paintings then made in sets for mass-produced prints -The opening scene of series inspired by Joseph Addison's 1712 essay in the Spectator promoting the concept of marriage based on love rather than aristocratic machinations -Portrays sleazy story and sad end of an arranged marriage between children of an impoverished aristocrat and a social-climbing member of newly wealthy merchant class -The cast of characters assembled to legalize the union -Right: Lord Squanderfield raising gout-ridden right foot and points to family tree (as if saying money on table isn't good enough) -Left: His son, admiring himself in mirror, ignoring future wife; Neck=sign of syphilis -Wife: unhappy, tears -Her father in center: study's Lord's pedigree (empty sack of money at feet) -Other men: lawyers (Silvertongue) -Hoped to create a distinctive British style of art, free of mythological references and encouraging self-improvement in viewers to lead to social progress -Hated aristocracy seen on walls -Gave up portraiture bc seen as vanity

-Neoclassicism -Angelica Kauffman -1785 -Accepting portrait commissions at 15; painted Winckelmann's portrait in Rome -Elected to Roman Academy -For English patron; History painting drawn from Classical antiquity -Scene during republican era of Rome -Woman visitor shows Cornelia her jewels then asks to see those of her hostess -Cornelia shows off her daughter and two sons ("most precious jewels") -Exemplified the "good mother" (popular theme for patrons who preferred Classical subjects that taught metaphorical lessons of civic and moral virtue -Sons grew up to be political reformers -Severe and Classical, but softens with warm, subdued lighting and tranquil figures -Neoclassicism bc friends with Benjamin West (founder of Royal Academy)

-Romanticism -John Henry Fuseli (History painter) -1781 -Trained in theology, philosophy, and Neoclassical aesthetics of Winckelmann became member of London's elite -Encouraged to become artist by Joshua Reynolds -While studying in Rome, led him to own powerfully expressive style: drew on passion of Roman art -Specialized in dramatic subjects drawn from Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton -Interest in dark parts of mind=painted supernatural and irrational subjects -Sleeping women across a divan with head back, oppressed by an incubus (evil spirit) crouching on her pelvis in an erotic dream -Legend: incubus was believed to feed by stealing women and having sex with them -Horse: wild phosphorescent eyes through curtain -Fear of unknown and unknowable and sexuality without restraint -Exhibited at Royal Academy (not well-received)

-Neoclassicism -John Singleton Copley -1773 -When couple was visiting Boston for family funeral -Same year of Boston Tea Party -Probably hung in couple's Philadelphia home where he was a prominent merchant and politician -Shows identity of American patriots committed to independence -Sarah is center of attention (no jewelry except chocker) -Sleeves rolled up, working silk threads on large wooden frame and sits on polished table (uncharacteristic) -Domestic and pragmatic included for political reasons ---Silk from England in past (shows involvement in work: committed both to home as good wife and to revolutionary cause as a woman without pretension who can manage without British imports) -Boston's preeminent portrait painter -Painted when he was conflicted about political future of colonies-flee to London

-Neoclassicism -Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-LeBrun -1787 -Marie Antoinette's favorite portrait painter -Elected into French Royal Academy -Drawing on theme of "good mother" -Portrays queen as kindly, stabilizing mother (work of propaganda aimed at counteracting public perceptions of her selfish, extravagant, and immoral ways -Regal pose with sympathetic looking children; princess on arm and dolphin (heir) points to empty cradle (dead sibling) -Alludes to allegory of Abundance and is intended to signify peace and prosperity for France under reign of Louis XIV

-Neoclassicism -Jacques-Louis David -1784-85 -Depicts Pre-Republican Ancient Rome -Cities of Rome and Alba resolve war by choosing 3 men from each to fight; 3 brothers Horatti to fight 3 brothers Curiatti of Alba -Oath of allegiance to dad -Women's grief (one of each married to the opposite) -Poses based on Classical art, looked back to Greece and Rome -Rid of brushwork -Composition is balance, 3 figures with 3 arches, arches recall Ancient Rome -Goal:Political; fierce republicanism, follow ancient heroes, allegiance to country before all else -Later David joined French Revolution

-Francisco Goya -1808 -Napoleon campaign to conquer Spain and replace brother Joseph Bonaparte on Spanish throne -At first they welcomed French who brought political reform, like new, more liberal constitution -But on May 2nd, rumor spread through Madrid that French planned to kill the royal family; rose up against French and a day of bloody street fighting ensued with mass arrests -Hundreds put in convent and executed by French firing squad before dawn on May 3rd -Goya's impassioned memorial to the slaughter, violent gestures of defenseless rebels and mechanical efficiency of executioners -Spotlighted victim in white shirt confronts faceless killers with outstretched arms recalling crucified Christ -Not cool representation of civic sacrifice but terror (essence of Romanticism) -Currant event, loose brushwork, lifelike poses, unbalanced composition, and dramatic lighting -"To warn men never to do it again"

-Neoclassicism -Jacques-Louis David -1800-1801 -David saw in Napoleon the best hope for realizing France's Enlightenment-oriented political goals and Napoleon saw in David a tested propagandist for revolutionary values -Represented in the Grand Manner and imagined how Napoleon might have looked as led troops over Alps to Italy -Horse: flying mane and wild eyes coordinated with swirl of cape covey energy impulse and power backed up by heavy guns and troops in background -When Napoleon fell from power, David exiled to Brussels and died

-Theodore Gericault -1818-19 -Rather than ancient event; shocking, tragic and recent event -Frigate ran aground off coast of West Africa, floated in raft for 13 days, resorted to cannibalism, only 15/152 survived -Studied dead bodies in morgue to produce honest narration -Raft much smaller in painting than what they had used -Pyramid of life; mirrors waves of ocean -Man at top is black, Bc lobbied for abolition of slavery-opposite of social order -Distance is ship, waving at it, moment of optimism; engaging viewers hope

-Neoclassicism -Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres -1814 -David's most famous student -Director of French Academy in Rome -Combined precise drawing, formal idealization, and Classical composition and graceful lyricism of Raphael with interest in creating sensual and erotically charged imaged -Wanted to be famous for history paintings but instead female nudes and portraits of aristocratic women -Odalisque: an exorcized version of a female slave or harem concubine -Woman looks at master while twisting her reclined naked body in a sinuous, snake-like, concealing pose of calculated eroticism -Blues of couch and curtains at right set off her pale skin and blue eyes while tight angularity of crumpled sheets accentuate languid sensual contours of body -Male fantasy of a "white" slave -Commitment to academic line and formal structure are Neoclassical but his fluid, attenuated female nudes speak more to Romanticism

-Realism -Honore Daumier -1834 -Lithography (his 1st at age 21 to La Silhouette) -B/c of 1830 Parisian revolution, began supplying to La Caricature (anti-monarchist, pro-republican magazine) -Calls attention to the atrocities on Rue Transnonain; part of series of large prints sold by subscription to raise money for Le Charivari's legal defense fund and thus further freedom of press -Gov got shot and killed here during demonstration by workers and their response: riot squad killed everyone in the building where they believed the marksman was hiding -Shows bloody aftermath: innocent family disturbed from sleep and murdered -Under central figure is bloody arms and head of murdered child

-Romantic Landscape -Joseph Mallord William Turner -1812 -Epitomizes Romantic's view of nature -Vortex threatens to destroy soldiers marching below it -Hannibal in distance on elephant to lead troops through Alps toward encounter with Roman army -Allegory of Napoleonic Wars bc Napoleon crossed Alps -Foretelling eventual defeat

-Romantic Landscape -Thomas Cole -Nature as ever changing -Cole 1st great landscape painters; portraitist, New York -Connecticut River from Mount Holyoke in Mass. -Observation, sketch then created in winter -Process in himself in lower foreground, portable easel and equipment on right, portfolio which has his name=signature -Horizontal axis, curving vs. angular -Spot for tourists -Stress landscapes grandeur and significance -Wilderness vs. cultivated -Loop in river called Oxbow -Marks in mountains meaning Noah or Almighty? -One of his "view" paintings created for national academy -No castles but should view things like this as natural antiquities and criticized AMs for not appreciating them

-Photography -Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre -Discovered that a plate coated with light-sensitive chemicals and exposed to light for 20-30 minutes would reveal "latent image" when then exposed to mercury vapors -Developed method of fixing his image by bathing the plate in a solution of salt and vastly improved process by using chemical hyposulphate of soda -Final image was a negative, but when viewed upon highly polished silver plate, appeared positive -Resulting picture couldn't be duplicated easily and was very fragile, but remarkable quality -Details exquisite but now impossible to see in reproduction -Composition mimics the conventions of still-life painting -After patented and announced his new technology, produced early type of photograph called a daguerreotype

-Photography -Henry Fox Talbot -Made negative copies of engravings, lace, and plants by placing them on paper soaked in silver chloride and exposing them to light -Found that negative image on paper could be exposed again on top of another piece of paper to create a positive image: discovered negative-positive process that became basis of photographic printing (calotype)=soft/fuzzy images -Most photographers did idyllic rural scenery or still lifes, presented as works of art rather than documents of reality -Talbot saw he couldn't compete with daguerreotype so chose to view photography in visual and artistic terms -Shadows create a repeating pattern of diagonal lines that contrast with rectilinear lines of architecture -Conveys meaning, expressing nostalgia for rural way of life that was disappearing in England

-Realism -Gustave Courbet -1849 -Critics disliked treatment of common country burial, depicts actual residents of Courbet's hometown in France at painters late uncle Claude-Etienne Teste funeral;large canvas usually for historical events -Realism seen in life sized people and no hierarchical scale; everyone's distracted, no focal point, lacks focus, crucifixion in back -Grandfather Oudot on far left -Funeral procession: those in red add comic air Bc red faces=been drinking -Father almost center in tall silk hat -Sisters contrast older women behind, Zoe in middle -Two older men: culotte=survivor of French revolutionary era -Contrast of dog against black undermine the various other contrasts -Black and white scheme to evoke realist of photography, black crossbones and tears usually gold

-Realism -Edouard Manet -1863 -A courtesan or maybe worker Bc body, factory girl? Prostitute? -Viewers at Salon were disturbed by her class;looks down on us, like we handed flowers to maid, we are her customer, slavery -Hand: smudged and unformed lacking joints; he is more interested in social realities that inform scene -80s the bracelet and medallion found with Manet's baby hair inside -Titians Reclining Nude; took place at night Bc window and artificial light of love and beauty of Paris -Black cat= promiscuity; hissing at viewer -The Birth of Venus

-Realism -Thomas Eakins (AM) -1875 -Made series of paintings criticized for controversial subject -Specialized in frank portraits and scenes of everyday life whose lack of conventional charge generated little interest -Director of Pennsylvania Academy -Most controversial painting -Created for Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition but was rejected bc surgery didn't fit -Shows Dr. Samuel David Gross performing operation he invented in surgical amphitheater of Jefferson Medical College as he pauses to lecture to med students taking notes in background (with Eakins at right edge) -Woman at left (relative of patient) cringes in horror -Surgeons were feared at time, especially teacher surgeons bc thought of the poor as objects on which to practice -Portrays Gross as heroic figure with spotlight on forehead and bloodied right hand -Illuminated patient in a jumble of thigh, butt, socked feet, and bunches of cloth -Had Dr. Tulp by Baroque Rembrandt in mind -Light pays homage to scientific achievement amid darkness of ignorance and fear vs. light of knowledge and progress -To save a patients leg that would've been amputated

-Pre-Raphaelite -Dante Gabriel Rossetti -Leading member of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood -Illustrates scene from Dante's Purgatory in which La Pia (the Pious One) wrongly accused of infidelity and imprisoned by hubby in castle is dying -Rosary and prayer book by side refer to her piety while sundial and ravens suggest passage of time and her impending death -Her love for her hubby represented by his letters under prayer book -Fig leaves around her associated with shame but seem to suck her in (No source in Dante but to Rossetti: Jane Burden (model for this) was wife of friend William Morris, but also Rossetti's lover) -Fingering wedding ring, (both) girl(s) suggests she is a captive not of her hubby but of her marriage, evoking R's own unhappiness

-James Abbott McNeill Whistler -Focused attention to rooms/walls where art was hung to satisfy elitist tastes for beauty as its own reward-organized art exhibitions -Part of many controversies that led to abstract -Flunked out of West Point, influenced by Courbet's realism in Paris and seascapes -Aesthetic -Abstract from observed reality; one of first to collect Japanese art (fascinated by what he perceived as "decorative" line, color and shape though understood little of meaning) -Names works "Symphonies" and "Arrangements" suggesting their themes rested in compositions rather than subject -Many landscapes with musical title "Nocturne" (John Ruskin) -Most controversial -Painted in restricted tonalities, at first appears abstract -Painting is a night scene depicting a firework show over a lake at Cremorne Gardens in London with viewers on lake edge -Took Nocturne from titles of piano compositions by Frederic Chopin hoping to evoke an association bw abstract qualities of art and music -Read Ruskin's review==Whistler sued for libel; courtroom turned public forum both to defend and advertise his art -Maintained that art has no higher purpose than creating visual delight and denied the need for paints to have subject matter -Whistler never made a completely abstract painting but theories used to help abstract art later

-Impressionism -Claude Monet -1872 -Impressionist termed from critic of this Louis Leroy -Said fast, open brushstrokes and unfinished look -Leading exponent of Impressionism -Focus on creation of a modern painting style -Franco-Prussian war so fled to London; established the Commune to fix economy -Returned to Paris and painted this -View of sun rising in morning for over harbor at home town of Le Havre -Almost entires of strokes of color -Foreground ambiguous and horizon line disappears -First sketch=final work -Records ephemeral play of reflected light and color and its effect on the eye, rather than describing the physical substance of forms and the spatial volumes they occupy

-Impressionism -Berthe Morisot -1879 -Copied paintings in louve and studied with several teacher and sister but she married and gave it up -Married Manet's brother but kept painting -Concentrated on depictions of women's lives -1870s painted in increasingly fluid and painterly style, flattening picture plane and making brushwork more prominent -Two elegant young ladies enjoying an outing on the lake of Bois du Boulogne -First shown in 5th Impressionist exhibition in 1880 -Exemplifies emphasis on formal features in Impressionist painting: brushstrokes and colors are as much as figures themselves

-Neo-Impressionism -George Seurat -1884-6 -Based on sketches made at Last Grande Jatte (bowl-shaped island in the Seine River in Paris for outdoor recreation) -Theories: what we perceive as color is far more complicated than it appearance= capture play of light but help science=pointillism -What we see as color is actually many elements, pure unmixed oil paint to create this -Color scientists: color of object includes shades under the surface of what we're seeing, color of surrounding objects reflected nearby, and quality of light that hits subject; also generate compliments -Eye mixes colors as opposed to him mixing -Shadow of man playing horn is different, others are different too -Wind coming in different directions -Pet monkey -Last Impressionist exhibition of 1886, ignored bad parts and focused on new type of painting

-Post-Impressionism -Vincent van Gogh -1889 -Infinity of nature -Relationship with nature=self expression -Spiritual connection to nature through art -"God is a lighthouse in eclipse" -Cyprus tree had flame-like shape, admired by him, connects with sky -Landscape town inaccurate, order and safety, reminiscent of hometown, painted from memory -Ordered town was afterthought, it was like the sky -Linked wildness of nature with tranquil village -Chapel mimicking Cyprus:parallel between church and nature

-Art Nouveau -Victor Horta -Most responsible for developing Art Nouveau in architecture -Worked in office of Neoclassical architect then opened own practice -First important commission: private residence in Brussels for a Professor Tassel -Entry hall and staircase=original -Ironwork, wall decor, and floor tiles were all designed in an intricate series of long, graceful curves -Sources debated; but impressed by stylized linear designed of English Arts and Crafts Movement of 1880s -Concern for integrating various arts into a more unified whole (like his reliance on sinuous decorative line) derived in part from English reformers like William Morris

-Modernism -Paul Cezanne -1880-94 -Spatial ambiguities -Seems incorrectly drawn -Right side of table higher than left, wine bottle with 2 silhouettes and pastries on table next to it tilt upward toward viewer while apples seen head-on -B/c rejected rules of perspective -Tradition: linear perspective eye occupy fixed point on scene, objects at different positions just as we move around or turn head to take in -Composition assembled from many sightings -Recreated/reconstructed our viewing experiences through time and space