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Great American Desert

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The "Great American Desert" was the term applied to the land west of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains. The landscape had no trees, little rainfall and tough prairie sod. This land seemed like a desert to the many who past through this unexplored area on their way to the Pacific Coast and that is how it came to be known.

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Comstock Lode

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The Comstock Lode is the richest known U.S. deposit of silver ore discovered under what is now Virginia City, Nevada on the eastern slope of Mt. Davidson, a peak in the Virginia range.

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Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

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A WHITE RACIST SUPREMICIST ACT AGAINST ASIANS. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following 1880 revisions to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration.

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Cattle Drives

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Cattle drives started in the late 1800s in the United States. Cowboys would lead herds of cattle north. There up north of the USA people would care for the cattle until they were nice and fat. Then again they would send the cattle further up north. There people would kill and eat the cattle.

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Turner Frontier Thesis

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Conclusion of Frederick Jackson Turner that the wellsprings of American exceptionalism and vitality have always been the American frontier, the region between urbanized, civilized society and the untamed wilderness. In the thesis, the frontier created freedom, "breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, [and] calling out new institutions and activities." Turner first announced his thesis in a paper entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History,"

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Indian Wars

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Ranged from colonial times to the Wounded Knee massacre and "closing" of the American frontier in 1890, generally resulted in the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations

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Sitting Bull

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Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man who has become notable in the history of Native Americans and the USA, primarily because he was one of the few members of his race to be part of a major victory against the American army when his premonition of defeating them at the battle of Little Big Horn became reality.

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Crazy Horse

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Respected member of the Oglala Sioux Native American tribe. Noted for his courage in battle, he was recognized among his own people as a great leader committed to preserving the traditions and values of the Lakota way of life and for leading his people into a war against the takeover of their lands by the Federal government of the United States.

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George Custer

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Military officer who rose to the rank of colonel and commander of the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry; most famous for his mortal defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876

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Little Bighorn

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River in Montana where 1876 Custer attacked a large Indian encampment; Custer and most of his force died in battle

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Chief Joseph

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For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker. Nez Perce leader who led a military retreat after some war leaders had killed some whites, they eventually surrendered and were forced to move to a reservation in Idaho where many people died of diseases; famous speech of surrender—"I am tired of fighting...."

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Helen Hunt Jackson; A Century of Dishonor

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Published 1881; exposed American duplicity and corruption in dealing with the Indians

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Assimilationists

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Intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community

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Dawes Severalty Act 1887

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Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship.

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Ghost Dance Movement (1890)

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A religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems begun by prophet of peace Jack Wilson. He prophesized a nonviolent end to American expansion while preaching messages of social reform and cross-cultural cooperation.

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Wounded Knee

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Site of a conflict in 1890 in South Dakota between a band of Lakotas and U.S. troops, sometimes characterized as a massacre because the Lakotas were so outnumbered and overpowered; the last major encounter between Indians and the army.

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Indian Reorganization Act 1934

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Act which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act.

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New South

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An attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on the slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy. Henry Grady made this term popular in his articles as editor of the Atlanta Constitution

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Crop Lien System

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(sharecropping) provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result for Blacks was not unlike slavery

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George Washington Carver

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American botanist, agricultural chemist, and educator who developed hundreds of uses for the peanut, soybean, and sweet potato, prompting Southern farmers to produce these soil-enriching cash crops

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Tuskeegee Institute

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Founded by African American educator Booker T. Washington in 1881 as a vocational school for blacks. As the school's principal, Washington had three main goals: (1) the development of occupational skills; (2) teacher training; and (3) the personal refinement of his students. He stressed practical experience as the basis of education. Washington believed that learning trades and using them to prosper economically would help African Americans gain civil and political rights.

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Farmers' Colored Alliance of Southern Farmers

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Rising Populist Party organized in Texas in 1886 as a response to the white men's formation of the Farmer's alliance and included both blacks and farmers; they responded to the nation's low prices, growing debt and spiraling interest rates

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Segregation Laws

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Laws prohibited blacks and whites from sharing day-to-day; Supreme Court said discriminations by individuals and businesses were legal; Plessy v. Ferguson made segregation part of fabric of America

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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Supreme Court Case, where a Louisiana law that required railroads to provide "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." The court ruled that the 14th amendment applied only to political rights and did not extend to "social equality."

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Jim Crow Laws

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Restrictions that started with "separate but equal" railcars; named after minstrel song; extended to nearly all public areas; blacks and whites used separate bathrooms and buried in separate cemeteries

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Grandfather Clause

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Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.

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Poll tax, literary tests

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Common obstacle implemented by Southern government to discourage black voters; Common obstacle implemented by Southern government to discourage black voters

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Henry Turner

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A black Baptist minister, who stressed that freedom meant the enjoyment of "our rights in common with other men."

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Ida B. Wells

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One of the most famous black activists, who began a massive anti-lynching campaign in 1892 after white vandals destroyed the office of her Memphis paper, Free Speech. She founded black women's clubs, such as the Women's Loyal Union in New York, and taught racial improvement and self-help.

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Booker T. Washington

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Former slave who graduated from Hampton Institute; in 1881 Washington established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama, which he built into the largest and best known school of the nation

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National Negro Business League

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Organized by Washington; established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans. Created as an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans.

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Munn v. Illinois

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(1877) The Supreme Court ruled that an Illinois law that put a ceiling on warehousing rates for grain was a constitutional exercise of the state's power to regulate business. It said that the Interstate Commerce Commission could regulate prices.

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Wabash v. Illinois

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1886) Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

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Interstate Commerce Act

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The United States Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, created the Interstate Commerce Commission. The members of the commission were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This was the first of the so-called Fourth Branch agencies. Its aim was to regulate surface transportation (initially railroads, later trucking), to ensure fair prices and regulate other aspects of the conduct of common carriers

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National Alliance

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The deepening crisis in farm prices in the 1880s resulted in the blending of a host of organizations into the National Alliance Movement. The movement had distinct branches in the South and Midwest.

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Ocala Platform

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Demanded, among other things, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people.

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MINING, FUR TRADE, FARMING, URBAN FRONTIERS

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refers to westward expansion; with the invention of the railroad more and more people moved west. The first people to move west were fur traders, then farmers, then a huge migration of miners and farmers. The mining boom initially caused urban frontiers to flourish, and the creation of the transcontinental railroad added to it.

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VAQUERO

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Used chiefly in southwest and central Texas to mean a ranch hand or cowboy In California, however, the same word was Anglicized to buckaroo. Craig M. Carver, author of American Regional Dialects, points out that the two words also reflect cultural differences between cattlemen in Texas and California. The Texas vaquero was typically a bachelor who hired on with different outfits, while the California buckaroo usually stayed on the same ranch where he was born or had grown up and raised his own family there.

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COLORED FARMERS NATIONAL ALIIANCE

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organization of about 250,000 members who wanted political reform to solve their economic problems

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CIVIL RIGHTS CASES 1883

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group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The decision held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

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