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Homestead Act

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Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

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Seward's Folly

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many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

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Thomas Edison

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American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

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John D. Rockefeller

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an American industrialist and philanthropist. he revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

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Standard Oil

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It was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was dissolved by the United States Supreme Court in 1911; John D. Rockefeller

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Andrew Carnegie

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Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

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Gospel of Wealth

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This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

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philanthropy

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love of humanity, especially as shown in donations to charitable and socially useful causes

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Gilded Age

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1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

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Populists

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People who hold liberal views on economic matters and conservative ones on social matters. The prefer a strong government that will reduce economic inequality, regulate businesses, and impose strincter social and criminal sanctions

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J. Pierpont Morgan

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an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

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investment bank

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a firm that buys large blocks of stocks and bonds issued by companies and then resells those securities to investors at a profit

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robber barons

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Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

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Horatio Alger

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United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys, , he wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor

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Social Darwinism

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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

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Herbert Spencer

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English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

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craft unions

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Labor organizations whose members were skilled workers in a particular craft--for example, carpenters, masons, or cigar makers. The American Federation of Labor was composed of individual craft unions.

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National Labor Union

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organized in 1866 have about 600,000 members agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday

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Knights of Labor

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1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

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Terence v. Powderly

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leader of knights of labor

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American Federation of Labor

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Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

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Samuel Gompers

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United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

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Eugene V. Debs

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Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

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company towns

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town built for specific company ex: Pullman company town-----had own businesses and were very organized

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closed shop

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A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.

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yellow dog contract

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an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

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scabs

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Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

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collective bargaining

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Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

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piecework

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a compensation system in which employees are paid a set rate for each item they produce

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Haymarket Affair

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Bombing in Chicago in 1886 at a labor rally...skilled workers abandoned the K of L in favor of the A F of L ...people associated unions with violence

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Pullman railroad strike

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a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.[1] The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak.[2] President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to end the strike, causing debate within his own cabinet about whether the President had the constitutional authority to do so. The conflict peaked on July 6, shortly after the troops' arrival in the city, and ended several days later.

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long haul vs. short haul

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One of the most notorious abuses practiced by railroads in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The practice involved charging a higher rate for a short haul that was included within a longer haul over the same line.

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trusts

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Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

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Homestead Strike

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1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

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vertical integration

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absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

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horizontal integration

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absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

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laissez faire

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the doctrine that states that government generally should not intervene in the marketplace

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"Crime of 73"

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through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

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monopoly

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(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

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oligopoly

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(economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors

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dividend

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that part of the earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its shareholders

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civil service

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A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service.

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patronage

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the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

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1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

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Comstock Lode

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first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

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Promontory Point

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Located in Utah, it is the point where the Union Pacific and Central pacific railroads met to connect the atlantic and pacific states.

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assimilation

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the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

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melting pot

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the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

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American Protective Association

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an American anti-Catholic society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa, An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

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restrictive convenant

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provision in a deed limiting the use of property and prohibiting certain uses

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

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Gentlemen's Agreement

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Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

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Louis Sullivan

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United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

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"walking city"

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city small enough to walk from one part to the other in less than 30 minutes

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suburbs

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Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

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consumer culture

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created by advertisement, and began American's need to buy things

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"separate sphere"

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a concept within Women's History and Gender History that describes the split dominions of the home and public spheres,

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Stalwarts

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A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.

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Half-breeds

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republican reformers who were accused of backing reform simply to create openings for their own supporters.

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Mugwumps

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A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

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"Rum, Romanism, and rebellion"

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this statement attacked the Democratic party, rebellion referred to civil war, romanism referred to catholicism(anti), rum referred to drinking, anti immigrant party

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Tammany Hall

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a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

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Boss Tweed

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William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

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Whiskey Ring

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During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

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kickback

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a commercial bribe paid by a seller to a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into the transaction

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Interstate Commerce Convention

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This was set up to oversee trade between states. Its initial focus was banning pools and rebates within the railroad business.

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Munn v. Illinois

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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

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Patrons of Husbandry

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a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers.

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Bland-Allison Act

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an 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law[1].

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James Garfield

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20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage

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Chester A. Arthur

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an honorable man but firmly believe in the spoils system but eventually demolished it, took Rutherford B Hayes place when he was assinated

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