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Alamo

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A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

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Texas Independence

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The newly formed Mexican government offered immigrants the chance to own land if the converted to Catholicism and end slavery. When American immigrants ignored the law, Mexico declared war. The Texans fought for and won their independence.

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Texas Annexation

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1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

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Texas Annexation

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1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

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James K. Polk

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"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

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Mexican-American War

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(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

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Zachary Taylor

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(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

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Wilmot Proviso

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(1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate

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Gadsden Purchase

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Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.

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Gold Rush

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a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

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Manifest Destiny

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A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

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Telegraph

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A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. Invented by Samuel Morse.

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Morse Code

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a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)

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John Tyler

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elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

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Franklin Pierce

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Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.

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Compromise of 1850

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1. California admitted as free state
2. territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico
3. resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries
4. federal assumption of Texas debt
5. slave trade abolished in DC
6. new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

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Fugitive Slave Law

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Part of the Compromise of 1850- set high penalties for people aiding runaway slaves and encouraged officers to participate in the retrieving of fugitive slaves. Strengthened anti- slavery feelings in the North.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

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Bleeding Kansas

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A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

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Sumner Brooks Affair

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Brooks (proslavery) attacked sumner (anti slavery) on floor of the senate

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Republican Party

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Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

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Dred Scott v. Sanford

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1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

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Lincoln Douglas Debates

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1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

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Raid on Harpers Ferry

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John Browns (abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia) plan to take over a gun warehouse (federal arsenal) give out weapons to slaves and lead a revolt; effect- the north viewed Brown as a hero, and the south viewed Brown as a terrorist and created state militias to guard against further raids, greatly preparing the South for the upcoming Civil War

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Seccession

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The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

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Crittenden Compromise

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A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open.

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Election of 1860

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Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

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Freeport Doctrine

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Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

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Union Advantages

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Population, industry (more factories, more supplies), Railroad, navy (south has no navy)

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Confederate Advantages

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goal was to defend themselves. Advantages: skilled military leaders, potential allies (France & GB), Southern Lifestyle (hunting/riding)

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1st Battle of Bull Run

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1st major battle of Civil War, and the Confederates victory. The battle is also known as the first Battle of Manassas. It shattered the Norths hopes of winning the war quickly.

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2nd Battle of Bull Run

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Three day battle-
day 1= savage fighting
day 2= Jacksons troops found on unfinished railroad- heavy casualties on both sides
day 3= confederate forces Union to retreat and Lee took war north

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Anaconda Plan

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Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

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Battle of Antietem

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(1862) A military drawl that prevents foreign intervention on the side of the Confederacy. England and France rethink supporting them as a nation. After this battle, the war changed to one not just about secession, but one about slavery.

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Monitor v. Merrimac

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Confederate ship was challenged by Unions, prevented Confederate weapon from challenging blockade and marked a turning point in warfare, with new iron ships

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Trent Affair

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Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats; tensions btw Britain & US eased w/ Lincolns negotiations

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Cotton Diplomacy

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Confederate efforts to use the importance of southern cotton to Britains textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War

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Emancipation Proclamation

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A law issued by Lincoln freeing the slaves in the confederate states. This made the civil war a moral war to end slavery and allowed freed slaves to fight in the war.

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13th Amendment

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Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)

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14th Amendment

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1. Citizenship for African Americans
2. Repeal of 3/5 Compromise
3. Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office
4. Repudiate confederate debts

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15th Amendment

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Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

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Battle of Vicksburg

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1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

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Battle of Gettysburg

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Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

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Gettysburg Address

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(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

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Shermans March to the Sea

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during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

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Surrender at Appomattox

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General Grant and Lee met in Appomattox Courthouse; surrender terms were generous; confederates could keep weapons and horses and would not be charged for treason

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Assassination of Lincoln

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While sitting in his box at Fords Theater watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.

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Homestead Act 1862

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the law offered 160 acres of land free for anyone who agreed to like on and improve the land for 5 years (companies got better land), promoted settlement of midwest

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Clara Barton

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Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

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10% Plan

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Lincolns "lenient" postwar plan to rebuild the nation by allowing "states in rebellion" to re-join the Union once 10% of residents who had voted in 1860 took oaths of future loyalty.

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

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issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation

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Wade-Davis Bill

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an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy

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Freedmens Bureau

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Helped African Americans adjust to freedom; helped to provide services, acquire land and find work for fair wages.

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Johnsons Reconstruction Plan

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A former confederate state could rejoin the union once it had written a nee state consitution elected a new state goverment, replealed its act of secession canceled its war debtd, and ratified the 13th amendment which abolished slavery

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Black Codes

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Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

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Congressional Reconstruction

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Based on passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867; divided the south into military districts; states must ratify the 14th Amendment and protect black voting rights

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Radical Republicans

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Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war and equality for newly freed peoples

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.

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Impeachment of Johnson

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1868 violated the Tenure of Office Act when he removed Edwin M. Stanton from the Secretary of War, but really was because of his stubborn defiance of Congress on Reconstruction

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Sharecropping

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After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.

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Ku Klux Klan

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A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

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Tenant Farming

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System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter ; pays in crops or $

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Compromise of 1877

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Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise
1. Remove military from South
2. Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general)
3. Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

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