APUSH Key Terms – Chapter 36 – Flashcards

a novel written in 1963 by Betty Friedan which spoke about feminist protest and the boredom of suburban housewifery. This novel also helped to launch the modern women's feminist movement.

a new musical genre which combined both black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles to create a new musical identity which bridged black and white people teenagers together and was transmitted to people around the world.

a speech given by vice presidential candidate Nixon (under President Eisenhower) in which Nixon denied allegations of accepting illegal donations and admitted that the only campaign gift that he had ever received was his family cocker spaniel, Checkers.

a boycott of Alabaman buses by African American people which began in 1955. The protest was spurred by Rosa Parks, an educated seamstress, who refused to give up her seat for a white man on the bus. Later, the movement was lead by Martin Luther King Jr. ultimately sparking the Civil Rights Movement.

a pivotal Supreme Court case in May 1954 which unanimously ruled that the segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" and thus unconstitutional. This case reversed the decisions in Plessy v. Ferguson and called for desegregation throughout the nation.

a group of southern black students which formed in April 1960 which stemmed from the sit in movement which had began in Greensboro, North Carolina. These students focused on furthering the efforts of this movement but eventually exchanged its dignified and peaceful tactics to more violent ones.

a massive roundup of illegal Mexican immigrants in 1954. As many as 1 million Mexicans were returned to Mexico as part of Eisenhower's goal to curb illegal immigration from Mexico.

a $27 billion plan to build forty two thousand miles of roads. This plan was endorsed by President Eisenhower who both wanted to create the roads to support the national defence and boost the economy by supplying construction jobs. This act also had negative effects on the railroad industry and caused many people to move away from the crowded cities for life in the suburbs.

a plan conceived by secretary of state John Foster Dulles in early 1954. This plan would instruct Eisenhower to shrink the navy and army and build up the Strategic Air Command's air fleet of nuclear bombers in order to inflict massive retaliations on the USSR in the case of hostilities and to save money for the American government.

a Hungarian uprising against the USSR in 1956. The US did not aid the Hungarians although the American policy was to fight the forces of communism anywhere in the world. This event exposed the weaknesses of the Policy of Boldness and the limitations of nuclear warfare.

a deciding battle in the French colonial war in Vietnam which ended with the Vietnamese nationalists winning. The resolution to this war meant that Vietnam was halved at the seventeenth parallel with the promise of reunifying elections in two years, but the United States with their puppet leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, refused to hold the elections and stopped the spread of communism (and started the Vietnam War).

an event which occurred in Egypt during 1956. The United States, France, and Britain had funded the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, for the construction of a dam for the Nile River until Nasser began to openly politically build a relationship with the USSR. In fears of Egypt becoming a communist state, the US withdrew its support from Egypt, but France and Britain launched an assault on Egypt in order to maintain their oil supplies. Without the US's knowledge and believing that the US would supply oil to their countries, France and Britain invaded Egypt in October 1956, but the US withdrew its oil exports to France and Britain out of spite. This event eventually caused the Middle East to become the principal producer of oil and put enormous political power into the land owning people in the region.

an alliance between Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela formed in 1960 which would monopolize oil exports to the American and Western European economies.

a Soviet satellite which sparked fear into the hearts of Americans and forced Eisenhower to improve scientific research both in education and the government itself. This satellite also launched the United States and the Soviet Union into the famous space race which stemmed from the competition between the two countries to be the foremost nation in scientific inquiry and discovery.

Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960.

a term that denotes a symbiotic relationship between a nation's military, economy, and politics. The idea being that if the military becomes the biggest client for manufacturers then the nation will begin to invest more of its economy into military contracts. Politically, this leads to national budgets being heavily weighed in the military's favor in order to support the economic stability that this relationship seems to create.

an artistic movement in the 1940s and 1950s which was pioneered by Jackson Pollock. This movement focused on rejecting the realistic representation of art in the previous artistics style in order to create an abstract meaning which both the viewer and artist could interpret separately.

an architectural movement which utilized massive corporate skyscrapers during the 1950s notably seen in New York's United Nations headquarters and the Seagram Building.

a movement of writers who rejected the suburban, everyday life of Americans and called for free form experimentation of one's life. These writers believed that one should march to the "beat" of their own drum and avoid conformity completely.

a revival of Southern literature which often times highlighted the burdens of history, racism, and conservatism in the South in a critical light.

the campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, healthcare, and civil rights.

an organization created by JFK as part of his New Frontier policy. This organization would be made up of youthful American volunteers who would spread knowledge to and help underdeveloped countries.

a space mission completed in July 1969 which was successful in placing the first men on the moon and in returning them both back to Earth. This mission also helped to restore American dominance in the international scientific community and furthered scientific achievement.

the physical barrier between Eastern Germany and Western Germany which prevented people from escaping from the Soviet Union into Western Germany. This wall also symbolized the obvious divide in Europe between the Democratic world and the Communist world.

the free trade area of European countries established with the encouragement of the United States. This area would eventually evolve into the European Union and boost international commerce between the United States and Democratic Europe.

an invasion, originally planned by the CIA during Eisenhower's term, which occurred on April 17, 1961. This invasion involved twelve hundred anticommunist, Cuban exiles who landed on the shore of Cuba to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime. The failure of this invasion along with many other American miscalculations caused the Cuban government to sink deeper into the grasps of the USSR.

a tense skirmish between the USSR and the United States in 1962 in which the US placed a quarantine on Cuba as the USSR threatened to ship nuclear warheads to the Caribbean island. In the end, the two world powers agreed to a compromise in order to avoid the beginning of a nuclear war which could have potentially destroyed both countries.

an organized group of people (of a variety of races) which rode buses throughout the deep South in order to bring awareness to the racial injustices in the region in 1961. This group spurred even more activism in the Civil Rights Movement by forcing the Kennedy administration to take action in preventing the violent riots responding to these bus demonstrations.

a project funded by private foundations encouraged by the Kennedys and established by civil rights groups which attempted to help black people register to vote where they were previously harassed out of their right.

a peaceful march which occurred in August 1963 in support of Kennedy's proposed legislation to protect black citizens. Lead by Martin Luther King, Jr., this demonstration had more than 200,000 white and black participants. MLK also delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech as part of this march from the Lincoln Memorial.