question

1151. Sacco and Vanzetti case

answer

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

question

1152. Leopold and Loeb case

answer

Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were convicted of killing a young boy, Bobby Franks, in Chicago just to see if they could get away with it. Defended by Clarence Darrow, they got life imprisonment. Both geniuses, they had decided to commit the perfect murder. The first use of the insanity defense in court.

question

1153. Billy Sunday (1863-1935)

answer

Baseball player and preacher, his baseball background helped him become the most popular evangelist minister of the time. Part of the Fundamentalist revival of the 1920's.

question

1154. Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

answer

1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

question

1155. Henry Ford, the Model T, Alfred P. Sloan

answer

1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

question

1156. Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959)

answer

Motion picture producer and director, he was famous for Biblical films and epic movies.

question

1157. The Jazz Singer

answer

1927 - The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.

question

1158. Rudolph Valentino (1895-1926), Charlie Chaplin

answer

Valentino, a romantic leading man, was one of the most popular dramatic stars of silent films. Chaplin was a popular star of silent slap-stick comedies.

question

1159. New Woman, Flappers

answer

1920's - Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men.

question

1160. Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

answer

Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

question

1161. James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938)

answer

American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

question

1162. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), Universal Negro Improvement Association

answer

Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

question

1163. Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974), Spirit of St. Louis

answer

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

question

1164. Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

answer

1920's sports heros, Ruth set the baseball record of 60 home runs in one season and Dempsey was the heavyweight boxing champion.

question

1165. Twenty-One Demands

answer

Name for Japan's demands to the U.S., including its threat to close China to European and American trade. Resolved by the 1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement, a treaty which tried to settle differences between the U.S. and Japan.

question

1166. Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917

answer

Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.

question

1167. Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty

answer

The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany.

question

1168. Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922

answer

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

question

1169. Five Powers Treaty, Four Powers Treaty, Nine Powers Treaty

answer

Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy set a ten year suspension of construction of large ships and set quotas for the number of ships each country could build. Four Powers Treaty: U.S., Japan, Britain, and France agreed to respect each others possessions in the Pacific. Nine Powers Treaty: Reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

question

1170. 5-3-1 ration

answer

Tonnage ratio of the construction of large ships, it meant that Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

question

1171. World Court

answer

The judicial arm of the League of Nations, supported by several presidents.

question

1172. Reparations

answer

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

question

1173. Dawes Plan, Young Plan

answer

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.

question

1174. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

answer

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

question

1175. Causes of the depression

answer

Much debt, stock prices spiralling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.

question

1176. Depression as an international event

answer

Europe owed money. Germany had to pay, but did not have the money.

question

1177. Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

answer

Pushed by Congress in 1922, it raised tariff rates.

question

1178. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

answer

Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.

question

1179. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC

answer

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

question

1180. Bonus Army

answer

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

question

1181. "Hooverville"

answer

Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression.

question

1182. Clark Memorandum

answer

1928 - Under Secretary of State Reuben Clark, 286 pages were added to the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904.

question

1183. London Naval Conference

answer

1909 - International Naval Conference held in London to adopt an international code of conduct for naval warfare.

question

1184. Hoover Moratorium

answer

June 30, 1931 - Acting on President Hoover's advice, the Allies suspended Germany's reparation payments for one year.

question

1185. Manchuria, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

answer

1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty.

question

1186. Mexico's nationalization of oil

answer

1938 - Mexico nationalized oil fields along the Gulf of Mexico which had been owned by investors from the U.S., Britain, and the Netherlands because the companies refused to raise the wages of their Mexican employees.

question

1187. Ambassador Morrow

answer

Dwight Whitney Morrow served as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1927 to 1930, during the Mexican-American diplomatic crisis.

question

1188. Good Neighbor Policy

answer

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

question

1189. Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act, 1932

answer

Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.

question

1190. Election of 1932: candidates, issues

answer

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

question

1191. Twentieth Amendment

answer

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

question

1192. Wickersham Commission

answer

National Law Enforcement Commission, so named after its chair, George Wickersham, it was a national commission on law observance and enforcement created by Hoover in 1929. Its 1930 report recommended the repeal of Prohibition.

question

1193. Twenty-First Amendment

answer

Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.

question

1194. "Bank Holiday"

answer

March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.

question

1195. Hundred Days

answer

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

question

1196. "Relief, recovery, reform"

answer

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

question

1197. Brain trust

answer

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.

question

1198. Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933

answer

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks.

question

1199. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933

answer

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

question

1200. Gold Clause Act, 1935

answer

It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin.

question

1201. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

answer

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

question

1202. National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

answer

The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Recovery Adminstration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity.

question

1203. National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)

answer

Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or buisness. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged, the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed.

question

1204. National Recovery Administration, "The Blue Eagle"

answer

The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part."

question

1205. Hugh Johnson

answer

Director of the NRA.

question

1206. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Second AAA

answer

1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

question

1207. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

answer

1936 - The second AAA appropriated funds for soil conservation paymnets to farmers who would remove land from production.

question

1208. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

answer

Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps.

question

1209. Federal emergency Relief Administation (FERA)

answer

Appropriated $500 million for aid to the poor to be distributed by state and local government. Harry Hopkins was the leader of FERA.

question

1210. Civil Works Admnistration (CWA)

answer

Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member.

question

1211. Public Works Administration (PWA), Harold Ickes

answer

Under Secertary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the PWA distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, ect.

question

1212. Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project

answer

The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.

question

1213. Home Owners' Local Corporation (HOLC)

answer

Had authority to borrow money to refinance home mortgages and thus prevent forclosures. It lent over $3 billion to 1 million homeowners.

question

1214. Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)

answer

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

question

1215. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

answer

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in sercurities trading.

question

1216. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Senator Norris

answer

A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area.

question

1217. Rural Electrificaion Committee (REA)

answer

May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies.

question

1218. National Youth Association (NYA)

answer

June 1935 - Established as part of the WPA to provide part-time jobs for high school and college students to enable them to stay in school and to help young adults not in school find jobs.

question

1219. Indian Reorganization Act

answer

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

question

1220. Recognition of the U.S.S.R.

answer

November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing.

question

1221. Section 7A of the NRA

answer

Provided that workers had the right to join unions and to bargain collectively.

question

1222. Wagner Act

answer

May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

question

1223. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

answer

Created to insure fairness in labor-managment relations and the mediate employers' desputes with unions.

question

1224. Fair Labor Standards Act, maxium hours and minimum wage

answer

June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents).

question

1225. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis

answer

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass produciotn industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.

question

1226. Sit-down strikes

answer

The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production.

question

1227. Dust Bowl, Okies, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

answer

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

question

1228. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins

answer

The nation's first woman cabinet member.

question

1229. Elanor Roosevelt

answer

A strong first lady who supported civil rights.

question

1230. Keynesian Economics

answer

The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power.

question

1231. Deficit spending

answer

FDR's admnistration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money.

question

1232. Monetary policy, fiscal policy

answer

In monetary policy, government manipulates the nation's money supply to control inflation and depression. In fiscal policy, the government uses taxing and spending programs (including deficit spending) to control inflation and depression.

question

1233. Revenue Act

answer

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.

question

1234. Liberty League

answer

Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop.

question

1235. Coalition of the Democratic Party: Blacks, unions, intellectuals, big city machines, South

answer

Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still recieved strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers.

question

1236. Huey Long, Share the Wealth, Gerald K. Smith

answer

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

question

1237. Father Charles Coughlin

answer

Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audiance of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-sematism.

question

1238. Dr. Francis Townsend

answer

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

question

1239. Election of 1936: candidates, issues

answer

Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rebublican - Governor Alfred Landon, Union Party - William Lemke Issues were the New Deal (which Landon criticized as unconstitutional laws), a balanced budget, and low taxes. Roosevelt carried all states but Maine and Vermont.

question

1240. Literary Digest Poll

answer

1936- An inaccurate poll taken on upcoming the presidential election. It over-represented the wealthy and thus erroneously predicted a Republican victory.

question

1241. Second New Deal

answer

Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal.

question

1242. Social Security Act

answer

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

question

1243. Court-packing plan

answer

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

question

1244. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes

answer

Began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court. In June a conservative justice retired and Roosevelt had an opportunity to make an appointment, shifting the Court's stance to support of New Deal legislation.

question

1245. "Conservative Coalition" in Congress

answer

1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legistators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the exspansion of federal power.

question

1246. Robinson-Patman Act

answer

1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination," whereby companies create a monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others.

question

1247. Miller-Tydings Act

answer

1937 - Amended anti-trust laws to allow agreements to resell products at fxed retail prices in situations involving sales of trademarked good to a company's retail dealers.

question

1248. Hatch Act

answer

1939 - Prohibited federal office holders from participating actively in political campaigns or soliciting or accepting contributions.

question

1249. Adkins v. Children's Hospital

answer

1923 - The hospital fired employees because it didn't want to pay them what was reqired by the minimum wage law for women and children.

question

1250. Gitlow v. New York

answer

1925 - Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for being a member of the Communist party. The New York court upheld the conviction.

APUSH Great Depression/New Deal – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards