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Land Ordinance of 1784

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Called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states Under the Articles of Confederation Principal author was Thomas Jefferson

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land

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Stamp Act

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Imposed a tax on the colonies that required that many printed materials (magazines, newspapers, legal documents) in the colonies be produced on stamped paper Was imposed to help pay for troops during the French-Indian War Affected the most verbal and influential of the colonists

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Townshend Duties

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Imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire Edited the Line of Demarcation to give Portugal more land

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Line of Demarcation

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Between Spanish and Portuguese territory Defined by Pope Alexander VI Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east. Favored Spain

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Navigation Acts

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A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies Required that all ships stop at Britain before going to other ports

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Half-Way Covenant

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First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth Provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members

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Treaty of Ryswick

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Settled the Nine Years' War, which pitted France against the England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the United Provinces.

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Treaty of Utrecht

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A series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession

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Writs of Assistance

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Court orders that authorized customs officers to conduct general (non-specific) searches of premises for contraband Tried to stop smuggling

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Declaratory Act

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Britain reserved the right to tax the colonies

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Intolerable Acts

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Boston Port Act (closed the port of Boston until lost tea was paid for) Massachusetts Government Act (increased the power of the Massachusetts' royal government) Administration of Justice Act (royal officials could be tried anywhere, where the chances of acquittal were greater) Quartering Act (soldiers could be housed in civilian homes) These made of the coercive acts Quebec Act (extended the province of Quebec, set up religion and government)

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Tea Act

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Designed to prop up the East India Company which was floundering financially, tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and sold at a bargain price Colonists were angered and did not want to buy cheap tea

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Outline of the US Constitution

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Preamble Article I- Legislature Article II- Executive Article III- Judiciary Article IV- Interstate Relations Article V- Amendment Process Article VI- Supremacy Clause Article VII- Ratification

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Amendment 1

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Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

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Amendment 2

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Right to bear arms

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Amendment 3

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No one may be forced to house soldiers

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Amendment 4

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Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

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Amendment 5

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Rights of the criminally accused (indictment by grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self incrimination, due process of the law, eminent domain)

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Amendment 6

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Rights to a speedy trial by jury (speedy trial, impartial jury, informed of charges, right to an attorney)

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Amendment 7

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Rights to a jury trial in CIVIL CASES, more than $20- people sue over money/property

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Amendment 8

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No excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment

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Amendment 9

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People have other basic rights not listed in Constitution

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Amendment 10

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All powers not given to the federal government are left for the states to take care of/decide

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Amendment 11

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Federal courts do not have jurisdiction in cases against a state

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Amendment 12

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Provides for separate elections for president and vice president

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Amendment 13

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Abolished slavery

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Amendment 14

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Provides equality for all citizens; state governments must follow previously passed amendments

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Amendment 15

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All males have the right to vote

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Amendment 16

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Congress has the power to pass direct taxes, such as income tax

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Amendment 17

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Senators are to be elected by the voters in their state; governor fills state senator positions if position opens during a term

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Amendment 18

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Selling and drinking of alcoholic beverages is made illegal (prohibited)

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Amendment 19

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Gives women the right to vote

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Amendment 20

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Beginning of President, VP and Congress terms in office begins in January; presidential succession can take place before Presidential inauguration

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Amendment 21

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Selling and drinking of alcoholic beverages is made legal (allowed again, #18 was repealed or cancelled by this amendment)

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Amendment 22

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Presidents may serve no more than 2 terms or a total of 10 years

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Amendment 23

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District of Columbia is allowed presidential Electoral College votes

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Amendment 24

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Eliminates poll tax (no required payment needed to vote)

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Amendment 25

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Provides for presidential succession and filling a vacant office of vice president, if VP dies or his removed from office

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Amendment 26

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Lowers voting age from 21 to 18

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Amendment 27

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Congressional compensation increases may not take effect until after that congressional term is over (their pay raise doesn't go into effect until new term)

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House of Representatives

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Impeachment Money No debate 2 year terms No limit on terms Must be 25 years or older Speaker of the House resides

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Senate

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Approves/rejects presidential nominees and treaties Court and jury during impeachment Vice president presides 6 year terms No limit on terms 30 years or older

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Article I

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Legislature

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Article II

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Executive

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President

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Chief of State Chief Executive Chief Diplomat Chief Legislature Commander in Chief

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Article III

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Describes the Supreme Court Not much detail

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Article IV

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Court decisions and citizenships valid in one state are valid in another Provides for the admission of new states

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Article V

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Amendment process Must be ratified by 2/3 of each house of congress and 3/4 of the state legislatures

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Article VI

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Supremacy Clause

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Hierarchy of Laws

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1. Constitution 2. Treaties 3. Federal laws 4. State laws 5. Local laws

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Article VII

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Ratification Outlines the ratification process for the Constitution to take effect

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Powers Reserved for the Federal Government Only

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Regulate foreign commerce regulations Regulate interstate commerce regulations Mint money Create and establish post offices Grant copyrights and patents Declare and wage war, declare peace Admit new states Fix standards for weights and measurements Raise and maintain an army and navy Govern the capitol city Conduct relations with foreign powers Universalize bankruptcy laws

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Powers Reserved for the State Governments Only

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Conduct and monitor elections Establish voter qualifications Provide for local governments Ratify proposed amendments to the Constitution Regulate contracts and wills Regulate interstate commerce Provide education for its citizens Levy direct taxes Maintain police power over public health and safety Maintain integrity of state borders`

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Shared Powers

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Taxing, borrowing and spending money Controlling the militia Acting directly on individuals

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Restrictions on the Federal Government

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No ex post facto laws No bills of attainder Two-year limit on appropriation of the military No suspension of habeas corpus (except in a crisis) One port may not be favored over another All guarantees are stated in the Bill of Rights

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Restrictions on State Governments

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Treaties, alliances, or confederations mat not be entered into Letters of mark and reprisal may not be granted Contracts mat no be impaired Money may not be printed or bills of credit emitted No import of export taxes May not wage war

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Required Percentages of Voting

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Simple majority: war, debt, taxes, drafts, and impeachment 2/3 majority: overriding veto, amendments to Constitution, treaties, presidential appointments 3/4 majority: approving a constitutional amendment in state governments

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Encomiendas

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a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America giving the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indians

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Jamestown

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King James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish an English settlement in the Chesapeake region of North America Many gentlemen, servants, felt too good to work. Communism-style society (everything was shared) failed. Bad relations with Indians Disease

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Settlement of Virginia

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After almost failure of Jamestown, indenture system was used to get more workers and people in the colony. Dictatorial Governors ruled. House of Burgesses was the representative assembly, created to appease residents Charter was eventually revoked from the Company and Virginia became a royal colony

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New France

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Began in Quebec, spread to Great Lakes region Maintained good relations with the Indians Inadequate population and lack of support from mother country

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New Netherlands

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Sent Henry Hudson, discovered the Hudson River Weak and unstable government Patroon system, land estates were given land if they promised to transport families

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Pilgrims at Plymouth

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Puritans came from Holland to America in search of religious freedom Established the Mayflower Compact, a foundation for orderly government

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Massachusetts Bay Company to get Puritans out of mother country Under leadership of John Winthrop, became the example for a Christian colony

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Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

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Created for dissenters of the Puritan Religion

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Maryland

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Crown granting individual charters to proprietors who would own the colony and directly responsible. Granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore Act of Religious Toleration, created to protect Catholic minority

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The Carolinas

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North created from an overflow from Virginia, South created by English planters, brought African slaves

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New York and New Jersey

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New Amsterdam became NYC Agitated for self government Other was granted to two different proprietors, who gave land to different people, causing conflict

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Pennslyvania and Delaware

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William Penn, created for Quakers Delaware separated from Pennslyvania

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Georgia

answer

Created as a buffer zone between English colonies and Florida, Spanish colony Debtors prison

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