Apush Chapter 39 Questions And Answers – Flashcards
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Vietnamization
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President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.
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Nixon Doctrine
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During the Vietnam War, this document was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.
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Silent majority
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A label nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960's and early 1970's.
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My Lai Massacre
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The Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968, by United States Army soldiers. Victims included women, men, children, and infants.
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Kent State University
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The location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.
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Pentagon Papers
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Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam.
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Detente
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Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.
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Miranda warning
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Miranda v. Arizona; making sure that suspected criminals are brought before a magistrate and informed of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney.
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Philadelphia Plan
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Nixon's strategy requiring construction trade unions to establish goals and timetables for the hiring of black apprentices.
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EPA
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An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment.
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Earth Day
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A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970.
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Southern strategy
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Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party.
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War Powers Act
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Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power.
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Watergate
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The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
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"smoking gun" tape
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A blank tape where Nixon had erased all evidence. This is the only evidence that links him to the Watergate crimes.
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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
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A constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender.
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Roe v. Wade
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The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.
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Malaise speech
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The speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people.
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SALT II (Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)
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A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. It set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. However, it was not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
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Iranian hostage crisis
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In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. This weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
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Henry Kissinger
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Secretary of State, supported realpolitik, appointed by Nixon as his national Secretary advisor, engaged shuttle diplomacy.
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Warren E. Burger
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The Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.
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Rachel Carson
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She was one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT) and also wrote, "Silent Spring."
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George McGovern
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A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.
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Gerald Ford
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The first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which Ford evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam.
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John Dean III
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He was a former white house lawyer that testified about the involvement of the top levels of the White House. He talked of the president, the Watergate cover-up and accused the president of violating justice. His claims were later supported by Nixon's tape recordings.
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Jimmy Carter
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The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.
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Leonid Brezhnev
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He seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. And he Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
