Apush Chapter 17 Test Questions – Flashcards

Established by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly Consisted of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities Relied on the discovery by Robert Mushit ingredients could be added to the iron during conversion to transform it into steal

Western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio Iron ore could be found there Flourishing iron industry Anthracite coal

Abram S Hewitt introduced to open hearth process

Pittsburgh

Soft bituminous coal

The upper Peninsula of Michigan the Mesabi Range in Minnesota and the area around Birmingham out Alabama

Stone against the side of a hill

They became cylindrical iron shells lined with brick 75 feet tall and higher

Steam freighters

The design of larger and heavier freighters Example: RJ Hackett

Steel manufactures provided rails and parts for cars to the railroads both markets for and transport is a manufactured steel

Oil

It could be burned and lamps and yield products such as paraffin naphtha and lubricating oil

Edwin L Drake in Titusville Pennsylvania

Gasoline Internal combustion engine

Nicholas August otto

Gotfried Daimler

Charles and Frank Duryea

-They constructed a glider that could be propelled through the air by and internal combustion engine -Test flight near Kitty Hawk North Carolina in which an airplane took off by itself and traveled 120 feet in 12 seconds

World War I

In the 1920s when Charles Lindbergh Flew from New York to Paris

To reorganize the production process by subdividing tasks

Henry ford Cut the time for assembling raised wages reduced hours cut the base price

You farms and other economic activity quickly sprang up along the route

Chicago

Was where railroads brought livestock

Created four time zones an hour apart

Subsidies from federal state and local government's

By selling stock

Risk only the amount of their investment Not liable for any debts the corporation might accumulate beyond that

The central figure of steel Scottish immigrant who opened his own steel works in Pittsburgh Dominated the industry Cut costs and prices by striking deals with the railroads and then bought out rivals Bought a coal mines, leased part of Mesabi iron Range Minnesota, operated a fleet of ore ships on the Great Lakes, and acquired railroads Controlled the processing of the steal from mine to market Finances undertakings out of his own pocket and through stock

J.P. Morgan 450 million

United States steel Corporation 1.4 billion enterprise that controlled almost 2/3 of the nation steel production

Developed meatpacking company in Chicago into great National corporation because of profits he earned selling to the military in the Civil War

He patented a sewing machine 1851 and created I. M singer and company for the first modern Manufacturing Corporation

New managerial techniques that relied on: -the division of responsibilities carefully designed hierarchy of control -modern cost accounting procedures -the middle managerfor delay of command between workers and owners

Horizontal integration Vertical integration

The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation

The taking over all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function

Owned the most celebrated corporate Empire John D Rockefeller standard oil Eliminate competition in Cleveland by buying out competitors 1870 the standard oil Company of Ohio Grew horizontally and vertically Monopoly of the petroleum industry Controlled access to 90% of the refined oil in the United States

In formal agreements among various companies to stabilize rates and divide markets Did not work very well If a few firms in an industry were unwilling to cooperate the pool collapsed

Pioneered by Standard oil in the early 1880s and perfected by J.P. Morgan Stockholders in individual corporations transfer their stocks to small group of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust itself Owners of trust certificates had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees they just received a share of the profits

First established in New Jersey A central corporate body that would buy out the stock of various members of the standard oil trust and establish direct formal ownership of the corporations in the trust

1% of the corporations in America were able to control more than 33% of the manufacturing

Andrew Carnegie had worked as a Bobben boy In a Pittsburgh cotton mill EH Herriman a great railroad tycoon had begun is a brokers office boy

Most of the new business tycoon had begun their careers from positions of wealth and privilege

The application of Charles Darwin's laws of evolution and natural selection among species to human society Human society only the fittest individual survived and flourished in the marketplace

Side he benefited from the elimination of the unfit in the survival of the strong and talented Support among American intellectuals Industrial seas on the theories of Spencer in Sumner to justify their own power Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle to compete to succeed or to fail

It legitimized the success of businessman and confirmed their virtues The place there activities within the context of traditional American ideas of freedom and individualism Justify their tactics

People of great wealth are you that it was their duty to use their riches to bed social progress Carnegie's book 1901 he wrote that the Wealthy should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs trust funds to be used for the good of the community the person well he said was the mere trustee an agent for his poorer brethren

A Baptist minister that became the most prominent spokesman for the idea that the notion of great wealth is something available to all Lecture acre of diamonds: A series of stories of individuals Woodbound opportunities for extraordinary wealth in their own backyards "I say to you that you ought to get rich and that it is your duty to get rich" He claimed that most millionaires began on the lowest rung of the economic ladder and worked their way to success. every industrious individual had the chance to do likewise

The most famous promoter of the success story Originally a minister in Massachusetts driven from his pockets as a result of the sexual scandal He moved to New York and wrote more than 100 novels that sold more than 20 million copies Andy grants pluck, ragged dick, Tom the bootblack, sink or swim Always the same message: A poor boy from a small town went to the big city to seek his fortune by work, perseverance and luck he became rich

Darwinist but he rejected the application of darwinian laws to human society dynamic sociology: argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence just capable shaping society as it wished An active government engaged in positive planning was societies best hope The people through their government could intervene in the economy and adjusted it to serve their needs

Found it in the 1870s Led by Daniel de Leon Attracted to mod is following in the industrial cities but the party fell to become a major political force Never pulled more than 82,000 votes Approach appealed intellectuals more than two workers A faction of his party broke away and formed the American Socialist party in 1901

Progress and poverty 1879: best-selling nonfiction works in history. Try to explain why poverty existed amidst the wealth created by modern industry. Blame social problems on the ability of the few monopolist to grow wealthy as a result of rising land values. An increase in the value of land was a result of the growth of society around the land, therefore it was the property of the community Proposed a single tax to replace all other taxes. Would return the increment to the people. The tax would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally, and eliminate poverty

Written by Edward Bellamy Utopian novel Sold more than 1 million copies Describe the experiences of a young Bostonian who went into hypnautic sleep in 1887 and awoke in the year 2000 to find a new social order where want, politics and vice were unknown. The new society had emerged from a peaceful evolutionary process. The trust of the late 19 century had continue to grow and combined with one another until they formed a single great trust controlled by the government which absorbed all the businesses of all the citizens and distributed the abundance of the industrial economy equally among all the people. Society has become a great machine Fraternal cooperation had replaced competition Class divisions disappeared Bellamy labeled the philosophy behind this vision nationalism and inspired more than 160 nationalist clubs to propagate his ideas

The flow of early Americans into factory towns and cities Great way to immigration from Mexico, Asia, Canada and Europe following the Civil War 25 million immigrants arrived in the US between 1865 and 1915

England, Ireland, and northern Europe Italians, polls, Russians, Greeks, slugs, and others

Mexico and Asia

To escape poverty and oppression in their homelands Expectations of me opportunities

Railroads by distributing misleading advertisements Industrial employers credit immigrant workers under the labor contract law which permitted them to pay for the passage of workers in advance and deduct the amount later from their wages

Low-paid Poles, Greeks, and French-Canadians began to displace higher paid British and Irish workers in the textile factories in new England Italian, slavs and poles emerge as a major source of labor for the mining industry the east traditionally dominated by need workers are Northern European immigrants Chinese and Mexican's computer with a little Americans and African-Americans and mining, farm work, and factory labor in California, Colorado, and Texas

$400-$500 a year

The decreased need for skilled work They could hire for lower wages then adult males

White and Young: 75% under 25 Immigrants or daughters of immigrants

The textile industry

Worked for wages as low as $6 to $8 a week below the minimum necessary for survival Made half of what men made

1.7 million

Families needed additional wages

60% of child workers were employed in agriculture and often worked 12 hour days picking or hoeing in the fields In factories the laws only set a minimum age of 12 and a maximum workday of 10 hours that were often ignored In the cotton mills of the South children worked at the looms all night and were kept awake by having cold water thrown in their faces In canneries little girls cut fruit and vegetable 16 hours a day

They were susceptible to injury while working at dangers machines and were maimed and even killed in industrial accidents at an alarming rate

The first attempt to federate separate unions into a single national organization Found by William H Sylvis 640,000 members After the panic of 1873 the party disintegrated Excluded women workers No workers argued that women were used to drive down there wages and just buy the hostility by invoking the ideal of domesticity

Militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania Operated within the ancient order of Hibernians an Irish fraternal society and sometimes use terrorist tactics Attempted to intimidate the cooperators through violence and occasionally murder and added to the growing perception that labor activism was motivated by dangerous radicals

Eastern railroads announced to 10% wage cut Strikers disrupted rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis to strike equipment and write it in the streets of Pittsburgh in other cities State militias and federal troops called out to suppress the disorders Over hundred people died

Leader: Uriah S. Stephens Membership open to all who toiled (workers and business professionals) Excluded lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and gamblers Welcome to women members Loosely organized without central direction. Members met in local assemblies loosely affiliated with the national general assembly

Association of autonomous craft unions and represented skilled workers Hostile to the idea of women entering the paid workforce because women were weak, they believed, employers could easily take advantage of them by paying them less than men. As a result, women workers drove down wages for everyone.

Concentrated on the relationship between labor and management Supported the immediate objectives of most workers: better wages, hours, and working conditions. Demanded a national eight hour day

City police of been addressing the strikers in labor and radical leaders called a protest meeting at Haymarket Square. When the police order the crowd to disperse someone threw a bomb that killed seven officers injured 67 other people. The police fired into the crowd and killed four people. Americans out rage to demanded retribution even though the bombthrower is unknown Chicago officials rounded up eight in our case and charged with murder. All were found guilty after it an injudicious trial. seven sentenced to death. One of which committed suicide, for executed, two had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment

Terrorism and violence

Affiliated with the American Federation of labor, the most powerful trade union in the country Members were skilled workers, in great demand by employers, best able to exercise significant power in the workplace

Carnegie's chief Lieutenant Decided that the amalgamated had to go homestead

Repeatedly cut wages at homestead At first, the union acquiesced aware that it was not strong enough to which successful strike In 1892 the company stop discussing his decisions with the amalgamated denying the unions right to negotiate at all When Frick announced another wage cut at Homestead and gave the union two days to except it, the amalgamated called for a strike Frick shut down the plant called and 300 guards from the Pinkerton detective agency to enable the company to hire non-union workers. The Pinkertons were strikebreakers in their presence was enough to incite workers to violence. The Pinkertons approach the plant by river on barges on July 6, 1892. The strikers prepared for them by pouring oil on the water and setting it on fire, and I'm at the guards at the docks with guns and dynamite. After several hours of pitched battle The Pinkerton surrendered and left town. The governor of Pennsylvania said the states entire National Guard to homestead. Production resumed with strikebreakers now protected by troops. Amalgamated surrendered

The Pullman Palace car company menu facture sleeping in parlor cars for railroads At a plant near Chicago In the winter of 1893 to 1890 for the pullman company/wages by 25% Pullman refuse to reduce rent in it's model town which were 20 to 25% higher than rents for comparable accommodations and surrounding areas Workers went on strike the persuaded the militant American Railway Union, Led by Eugene V Debs, to support them by refusing to handle Pullman cars and equipment Opposing the strikers was the general managers Association. If persuaded it's member companies to discharge switchman who refuse to handle Pullman cars. When this happened, Deb's instructed its members who works for the offending companies to walk off their jobs. Within a few days thousands of railroad workers and 27 states and territories were on strike and transportation from Chicago to the Pacific coast was paralyzed The governor of Illinois, John peter altgeld sympathized for workers and refused to call out the militia to protect employers. Railroad operators asked the federal government to send regular Army troops Illinois on the pretext of the strike was preventing the movement of mail on the trains. President Grover Cleveland and Attorney General Richard only a formal railroad lawyer and a bitter foe of unions complied July 1894 the president ordered 2000 troops to the Chicago area. When Debs and his associate decided they arrested and imprisoned. With federal troops protecting the hiring of new workers in with the union leaders in a federal jail the straight quickly collapse.

The principal labor organizations represented only a small percentage of the industrial workforce Tensions between different ethnic and racial groups Immigrants assumed they had no long-range future in the country eroding their willingness to organize Workers in constant motion Forces against them: corporate organizations