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Era of the Common Man

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- 1824 - 1840 - shift from disinterested attitude towards politics (Era of Good Feelings) into political frenzy - political campaigns started appealing to masses

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aristocracy (era of the common man)

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- seen by populace as running government via corruption - drove desire to reclaim the republic for the common man

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Davy Crockett

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famous rifleman/adventurer, Texas pioneer, iconic of SW sentiments, comman man hero

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Andrew Jackson (era of the common man)

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pres. from humble beginnings, put lots of faith in the common man, had support of rural Americans

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universal suffrage for white men (era of the common man)

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led to mass-appeal targeted campaigns; removal of property qualifications = shift away from aristocracy

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Where was universal white male suffrage instituted by 1840?

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every state except for RI, VA, and LA

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Jeffersonian principles (era of the common man)

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- nonpartisanship, little organization - weak central gov, few taxes - suffrage for educated white men - competent office holders

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Jacksonian principles (era of the common man)

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- strong central gov, heavy taxes - strong political parties, highly organized - suffrage for all white men - spoils system

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Panic of 1819 (era of the common man)

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ruined Era of Good Feelings, political conflict precipitated mass involvement, ppl turned to government to solve problems

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Bank of the US (era of the common man)

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- Jackson thought it was too powerful, served investors (not ppl) - Clay wanted to renew charter (1832) - Jackson vetoes, expanding presidential powers and limiting more elitist branches of gov (SC/Bank)

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Missouri Compromise (era of the common man)

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- 1820 - raised political stakes regarding slavery and state power, involved more ppl in politics

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voter turnout (era of the common man)

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climbed dramatically (25% in 1824 -> 78% in 1840)

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campaign strategies (era of the common man)

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- changed to appeal to new, more plebeian electorate - ex. banners, badges, baby-kissing, parades, free food, etc.

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Corrupt Bargain of 1824

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- Clay (allegedly) took advantage of position as Speaker of the House to get JQ Adams elected even though Jackson won pop. vote in exchange for nomination as Sec of State - no proof of formal bargain, but public was angry. ended closed-door dealings regarding the presidency

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infrastucture (JQ Adams)

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- urged cong for construction of roads/canals in first annual address - South didn't like it, set precedent to meddle in affairs like slavery

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National Observatory (JQ Adams)

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- Adams wanted to federally support - public saw it as a waste of funds (taxing ppl for useless ventures)

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education (JQ Adams)

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- wanted national university

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Native Americans (JQ Adams)

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- tried to deal w/ them honorably - but states resented it b/c ppl wanted to expand west and Feds were protecting NatAms

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JQ Adams nationalist policies

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- infrastructure - National Observatory - education - Native Americans

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decline of nationalism

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ppl turning more towards states' rights and sectionalism during JQ Adams time

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Election of 1928 (era of the common man)

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- Jackson won over Adams - new campaign tactics aimed to appeal to the masses - opponents employed gossip to defame each other (Jackson called a brawler, family insulted; Adams called elitist, accused of wasting public funds) - political center of gravity had moved to rural areas (more poor ppl voting)

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Jackson as a "frontier aristocrat"

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- born in rural Carolina, orphaned early, poor education, violent tendencies - upon moving to TN, he quickly advanced to become a judge + memb. of Cong - "risen from masses, but not one of them" (262) - owned slaves and tons of land, lived in huge mansion (the Hermitage) didn't fit into any category

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American System

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- created by Clay (1824); main point for Whig Party (who incorporated all anti-Jacksonians) - included strong banking system, protective tariff, infrastructure (roads and canals)

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federalism (King Andrew I)

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- Whig views were close to federalist, Jackson hated them - halted federalist actions as part of personal goals

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veto (King Andrew I)

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- 1832 = Jackson vetoes recharter of Bank of US (championed by Clay, a Whig) - expanded power of veto from only constitutional basis to assertion presidential opinion

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Spoils System (King Andrew I)

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- rewarding political supporters with office - Jackson defended the system, justified appting his friends as "bringing in new blood" - lots of unqualified rich men who had donated to the campaign got high offices - cemented the importance of party loyalty

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Kitchen Cabinet (King Andrew I)

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unofficial, v close group of Jackson's advisers, consulted more than official cabinet

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effects of Peggy Eaton Affair

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- Used to question Jackson's judgement, Calhoun's wife (Floride) bullied Peggy so Calhoun followed suit - Eaton and Buren (Sec of State) resigned from Cabinet -> Kitchen Cabinet; Calhoun vs. Buren for next presidency - Created divisions w/in white house and w/in WA, weakening Jackson's support and integrating social life w/ politics

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Tariff of 1828 effect on North

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Northern economy was largely industrial/manufacturing, benefitted from having their goods protected from foreign competition

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Tariff of 1828 effect on West

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West was experiencing huge pop growth, expanding into cotton growing lands (more protected industry)

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Tariff of 1828 effect on South

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- had to buy highly taxed imported goods - exports were unprotected by fed gov - W was competing w/ S for cotton sales - called it tariff of abominations

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Tariff of 1828 goals

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- provide federal revenue - protect American manufacturing from foreign competition

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Tariff of 1828 effects

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- high prices for imports - no region completely satisfied (N wanted higher, S wanted lower) - led to Nullification Crisis

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Charleston Slave Rebellion

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- 1822 - led by free black man named Denmark Vesey; crushed by Congress when plans were leaked - slavery was threatened by Federal interference in trade (bad for South) - led to establishment of SC Association to ctrl black pop., more restrictions on freeing slaves, general loss of rights for black pop.

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SC Exposition

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- 1828 - published by SC legislature, secretly written by Calhoun - denounced tariff of 1828 (unjust/unconstitutional) - threatened secession if Tariff not repealed (reinforced ideas behind KY/VA resolution of 1798 re. state power to reject fed laws)

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Webster-Hayne Debate

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- 1830 - unplanned speeches in Senate re. South Carolina Nullification crisis

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Daniel Webster (W-H Debate)

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- states shouldn't be selfish, should prioritize unification - Supreme Court should have final authority

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Robert Hayne (W-H Debate)

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- started debate - states rights advocate - states should be able to override fed laws, less SC ctrl

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Tariff of 1832

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passed by Cong, weakened Tariff of 1828 but still didn't please S, made the tax seem more permanent

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Henry Clay's compromise (Tariff of 1832)

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- 1833 - didn't want Jackson to gain prestige by crushing dissent, instead proposed lowering 1832 Tariff by 10% over 8 yrs - harsh debate, S liked, N/Middle didn't like

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Force Bill

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- 1833 (same time as Clay's compromise) - aka Bloody Bill - gave president right to use military to collect federal tariffs - repealed when South Carolina started organizing military resistance; no clear victor in the fight about tariffs, only a band-aid solution

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States most likely to secede (Tariff of 1832)

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SC, GA (sort of), VA (sort of)

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Henry Clay (Bank War)

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- championed early renewal of Bank charter in Cong. in order to make it an election issue in 1832 - thought that after bill made it through Cong, Jackson would be stuck. Passing would anger W, veto would lose E; overestimated influence of the elite

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McCulloch v Maryland (Bank War)

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- 1819 - est. that Bank was constitutional, but Jackson didn't care - his veto asserted that executive branch > judicial

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wildcat banks (Bank War)

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shady tiny banks, printed tons of paper $$$, expanded w/o Fed Bank dominance

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pet banks

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state banks where Jackson put funds removed from National Bank, probably unconstitutional, definitely shady and mean

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Biddle's Panic

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Biddle called in his loans to try and save the bank and prove bank power; really just justified the claims that the bank was unnecessary and evil

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Specie Circular

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- 1836 - Jackson told Treasury to issue - required all public lands be bought w/ metal money - stopped economy boom, led to financial crash of 1837 but by then Jackson wasn't in office to be blamed

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Nicholas Biddle

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president of National Bank, held great power over national finances

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Pros of National Bank

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- source of credit and stability - stable currency - stopped private banks from manipulating economy

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Cons of National Bank

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- not held accountable to constituents - health of Bank determined health of the whole economy and value of currency - foreclosed on lots of W properties

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John C. Calhoun

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War Hawk; supporter of states' rights; believed South Carolina had the right to "nullify", or ignore, federal laws that they thought were wrong, part of Whig Party

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Martin van Buren

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Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836; 8th President of the U.S.. Known as "Little Magician" vice president; destruction of Second Bank of the United States; blocked annexation of Texas; Panic of 1837; Free Soil Party. Lost 2nd election b/c wasn't acceptable to people

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Twelfth Amendment

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requires electors to vote for president and vice president on separate ballots The election of 1824, 1825; allowed the House of Representatives to elect John Q. Adams as President because Andrew Jackson received the most votes but did not get a majority of the votes; angered Jackson and his followers.

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King Mob

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A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by conservatives as an insult after he allowed commons into the white house on the night of his inauguration; they created a mob, wrecking china and furniture and causing Jackson to have to sneak out for his safety.

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William Henry Harrison

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9th President of the U.S. (Whig); was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

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Sam Houston

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United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas

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William Travis

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He was the man at the Alamo missions in command of the Texas forces

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Henry Clay

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Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

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favorite son

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candidate that receives the backing of his home state rather than of the national party

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Independent Treasury

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President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vualts and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in depostits within shaky banks.

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Anti-Masonic Party

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a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party; , (1832) - 1st third party in the presidential elections - against the Mason order of which Andrew Jackson was a part of (anti-Jackson group). Later joined National Republicans as the Whig Party

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Democratic Party

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One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights - <3 individual liberty, didn't want privilege to affect government - state rights, less privileged - candidate = Van Buren (only choice) - rich from Era of Good Feelings

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Trail of Tears

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The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died.; The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

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Panic of 1837

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Economic downturn. When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

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William Crawford

answer

was Sec. of Treasury under James Monroe Presidency; and a canidate for Presidency in 1824 he represented the south in this election

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Peggy Eaton

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Margaret, "Peggy," was the wife of John Timberlake. When he died at sea, Peggy quickly remarried to John Eaton. The hasty marriage was seen as scandalous, and many politicians wives refused to speak to Peggy. Andrew Jackson attempted to remedy the situation, but the only man to heed his requests was Martin Van Buren.

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John Quincy Adams

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from Massachusetts; father is ex-president; Calhoun for VP; won the Electoral vote and with some possibility of conspiracy with Clay, also won House of Representative vote

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Internal Improvements

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Included roads, canals, railroads; essentially, an internal transportation network that would bind the country together.

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Rotation in Office

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Beginning in 1829, Jackson invoked this wholesale practice as his guiding principle, saying plainly that "no one man has any more intrinsic right to office than another."Jackson's belief that all federal employers serve only "one term" in office, Jackson forced out 10% of old government worker. aka spoils system, brought more of the common people into office

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Maysville Road

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1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

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Slavocracy

answer

Term the North used to describe the Slaveholding South and its "schemes" to gain more slave-land.

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Lone Star Republic

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the name of Texas as a Nation before joining the U.S.; founded in 1836, Sam Houston = commander in chief

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Revolution of 1828

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Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson. Distrust of wealthy elite, belief that the people should have more power in their vote

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New Democracy

answer

Era of Jacksonian Democracy, where things were done for the people and democracy was more appealing to the masses

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King Caucus

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Congressional Nominating Caucus When politicians would meet informally to decide who would be nominated for president and vice president for their political party. "no more closed doors"

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Democratic-Republican Party

answer

a political party started by Thomas Jefferson; believed in states' rights and an economy based on agriculture

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Santa Anna

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Mexican general/dictator who tried to crush the Texas revolt (1835 = wiped out local rights and raised army against rebellious Texans) and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

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John Tyler

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became President after William Harrison died (was his VP); not a true Whig; was a Southern Democrat who sided with the Whigs because he did not like Andrew Jackson; begin to oppose Whig agenda; known as the President without a party because he was kicked out of Whig Party

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Antislavery

answer

people opposed to slavery (mostly in North)

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Seminole Indians

answer

They lived in Florida as runaways from other tribes. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. 1837 = Osceola (leader) seized under truce, broke spirit

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Divorce Bill

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A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

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Whig Party

answer

the political party made up of the National Republicans such as Clay, Webster, and some Democrats such as Calhoun; all of whom did not like Andrew Jackson (very diverse). They stood for protective tariffs, national banking, High tariffs, loose constructionism, and federal aid for internal improvements - <3 harmony and community, hated ppl who used gov to fulfil personal desires (like Jackson?) - more federalist, usually more privileged - Candidate = William Henry Harrison - got their act together and got behind 1 candidate -rallying pts: american system and bank of US -split: ~1852 due to division over slavery and formed Conscience, Cotton, and Barnburners

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Osceola

answer

Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s; Second Seminole War

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main candidates in election of 1832

answer

AJ and clay

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new party strategies in 1832

answer

national nominating conventions; formal platforms for issues

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election of 1832 outcome

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Jackson won even though clay had tons of support from national bank and newspaper

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Society for Propagating the Gospel Among indians

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- founded 1787 - lots of missionaries sent to convert - stemmed from white "respect" for NatAms, wanted to assimilate them to white society

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1793 congress (native Americans)

answer

allotted $20,000 for educating NatAms w/ literacy, agri, and vocational education

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Henry Clay on Native Americans

answer

thought that NatAms were inherently inferior, unnecessary to the world

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Jackson on Native Americans

answer

- wanted to take NatAm lands for white settlement, ignored SC decisions protecting NatAm land - proposed forced removal of Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles to beyond Mississippi - justified it by saying that he was protecting their culture from inevitable white interference

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Lincoln on Native Americans

answer

helped crush Sauk and Fox NatAm resistance (led by Black Hawk) in 1832

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Jefferson Davis

answer

lieutenant from MS, crushed Sauk/Fox rebellion (led by Black Hawk)

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Black Hawk War

answer

Davis and Lincoln crushed Black Hawk led resistance from Sauk and Fox tribes in 1832

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GA supreme court on Native Americans

answer

1828 = ruled that Cherokee tribal council was illegal, asserted their power over NatAm affairs

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fed SC on native americans

answer

ruled that NatAms had right to the land 3x

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Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it."

answer

- Jackson disobeying SC upholding NatAm land rights

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Indian removal act

answer

- 1830 - passed by Cong, transplanted all tribes E of Mississippi to the W - hit the "civilized" tribes the hardest, lots of ppl died on the marches - the idea was that moving them would protect them from cultural interference and violence from inevitable white settlement

question

Bureau of Indian Affairs

answer

est 1836 to manage gov-NatAm relations, couldn't really exert control over settlers

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Oklahoma (Native Americans)

answer

new "Indian territory" est. by Jacksonian policy became modern Oklahoma

question

Stephen Austin

answer

- granted land by new Mexican regime in 1823 to bring in American Catholic families to be "Mexicanized" - conditions were ignored, remained American and resented Mexican soldiers - became voice of Texan-Americans

question

GTT

answer

Gone To Texas = slogan for Texan-Americans, law-abiding and religious, recently immigrated, adventurers/pioneers

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Mexican abolition of slavery

answer

- 1830 - prohibited importing of slaves into Texas and American colonization - American Texans refused to obey

question

Mexico/Texas fighting

answer

- 1836 = Anna led 6,000 men to crush independence, 200,000 Texans trapped @Alamo (San Antonio), all killed - led to huge legacy and shared Texan history - Houston wiped out Anna near San Jacinto in 1836 (900-1,300) - Anna Captured, sighted 2 treaties

question

terms that Santa Anna agreed to after san jacinto

answer

withdraw Mex troops and recognize Rio Grande as Texan SW boundary

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American stance on Texas

answer

- Government had helped supply and staff Texan forces, but now needed to reinforce neutrality - Public <3 Texans

question

Jackson ad Texas

answer

offered recognition to Texans in 1837 (end of presidency)

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Van Buren and Texas

answer

Van Buren didn't want to annex Texas, ignored the issue while in office

question

What was the result of Texas asking to be part of the US?

answer

- 1837 = annexation thwarted by N (slavery)

question

conscience whigs

answer

anti-slavery (N), led to republican party

question

cotton whigs

answer

S faction, pro slavery

question

barnburners

answer

radicals, freedom for everything, wanted to start all over

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election of 1840

answer

- revived 2 party system - Harrison (whig) won

question

hard cider and log cabins

answer

- Some idiot Democrat newspaper editor insulted the W (hard cider + log cabin = unfit to lead) - Whigs claimed this humble story as their anthem, painted Democrats as new aristocrats

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