APUSH: AP Exam Vocab – Flashcards

Group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so that they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England.

Religious group that also opposed the Church of England and traveled first to Holland and then to the Americas.

Founder of Quebec, the first (of few) permanent French settlements, who sought alliances with Native American tribes such as the Huron.

French explorer who explored the Mississippi and claimed Louisiana for France.

French religious converters who experienced more success with less coercive tactics than the Spanish.

Spanish religious converters who experienced limited success due to their coercive tactics and forced labor.

Dutch explorer who explored the Hudson river and established trading settlements in Manhattan, with limited success (due to the reluctancy of Dutch settlers and economically stunting conflicts with Native Americans).

Company that was granted a charter to establish Jamestown colony.

Colony established in 1607 by John Smith. Despite its early failures due to its diseased, swampy location and poor harvests eventually enjoyed success spurred by the creation of trade alliances with the Powhatan Confederacy and John Rolfe's development of tobacco as a cash crop.

First representative government in a colony, established in Virginia in 1619.

1620-Separatists, led by William Bradford, who enjoyed the benefits of the Mayflower Compact and a colder climate, later merging with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Contract held by Plymouth colony which stated that their government would be accountable to the consent of the governed.

1629-Puritans who, under John Winthrop, aspired to become a "city on a hill" and was ruled by a "General Court" based in community and religious standing.

Established by Roger Williams in the belief that Massachusetts was to close to the Church of England and should adhere to the separation of church and state.

Religious dissenter who established Portsmouth (later CT).

Religious dissenter who established Connecticut.

Religious dissenter who established Davenport (later CT).

1932-Established by George Calvert as a refuge for English Catholics.

Proprietary colony which gradually developed a dependency on slavery.

Proprietary colony which relied upon slavery from its inception.

Colony granted by the King of England to an individual or group of individuals, rather than a company.

Economic system practiced by European powers in the late seventeenth century stating that economic self-sufficiency was crucial and stressed exportation; as a result, colonial empires were important for raw materials.

1660-Acts passed by the British parliament increasing the dependency of the colonies on the English for trade by forcing them to export certain crops only to England (instead of selling them to the Dutch, who paid better prices) and requiring all finished products owned by colonists to be produced in Great Britain; these acts caused great resentment in the American colonies but were not strictly enforced.

Complex trading system that developed in this era between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; Europeans purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to the colonies, raw materials from the colonies went to Europe, while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

The voyage taken by African slaves on horribly overcrowded ships from Africa to the Americas. Slavery increased in the Southern colonies as the number of indentured servants waned in correlation with the increased economic opportunities in Britain and the middle colonies.

1692-Trials in Salem, MA, after which 19 people were executed as witches; historians note the class nature of these trials, which revealed the tensions which had been brewing between traditional Puritanism and modern reliance on commerce which had gained prevalence in MA.

Early 18th century British policy relaxing the strict enforcement of trade policies in American colonies. The colonies gained (some) political independence as most appointed officials were figureheads chosen for their political connections.

Chief British customs officer in MA, who resented the continued colonial trade with non-British merchants in defiance of the Navigation Acts and encouraged the British government to enforce them more strictly under the Dominion of New England

Act which revoked the charters of all the colonies from New Jersey to Maine and increased the power of the governor, Edmund Andros.

Governor of Virginia, who profited from his position and was blamed for a drop in tobacco prices which incited Bacon's Rebellion, after which he was removed from office.

1676-Rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon, incited by government corruption, class tensions, a drop in tobacco prices, and Indian attacks. Bacon took control of the colony and died, but his actions resulted in a decrease in the power of the governor and an increase in slave trade (as indentured servants were now seen as less trustworthy).

Slave rebellion in Charleston in 1739, in which slaves revolted and killed plantation owners before being brutally executed. This resulted in an increased fear of slave revolts and therefore harsher security measures against slaves.

1688 Revolution which replaced James II with William and Mary of Orange. The colonies pledged loyalty to them. Simultaneously, a revolt in New York instituted the rule of Jacob Leisler (who was hanged) and a revolt in Maryland established protestantism (which was accepted). Although William and Mary believed in control over colonial affairs, these revolutions marked the end of the Dominion of New England and the restoration of representative political institutions.

1689-97-AKA the War of the League of Augsburg, this war was fought between New England troops allied with the Iroquois against French troops allied with the Algonquin. The French captured Schenectady while the English captured Port Royal. The war was ended with the treaty of Ryswick, which reaffirmed prewar colonial boundaries and gave France control over half of Spain.

1697-Treaty ending King William's War which reaffirmed prewar colonial boundaries and gave France control of half of Haiti.

1702-13-British vs. Spanish and French. The British attacked at St. Augustine and armed Native American slaves from missions, urging them to attack the missions and settlement at Penascola. Although victories in the US were ambivalent, the Treaty of Utrecht gained British Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay Territory, and parts of the Great Lakes to the British.

Colonies in which property-owning citizens elected assemblies and appointed governors, such as the Carolinas, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

Assemblies which, although not democratic in that they were made up of landowning elite, exercised resistance towards British policies through economic boycotts.

1733-Act which increased British control over colonial trade.

1720s-40s-Religious revival in which new ministers such as Jonathan Edwards preached that old ministers were not devoted enough to God and that most people would go to hell. New colleges were started to train ministers, but many untrained ministers also preached, instilling a sense of social rebellion by challenging religious and political traditions.

1756-63-AKA the Seven Years' War, a conflict between the British and the French that also involved Native Americans and colonial militias. The French wanted to expand Southward, and were concerned by attempts of expansionist colonists to broker agreements with local Native Americans. Governor Dinwiddie sent a militia to stop French construction of a fort, who were defeated, leading to large amounts of Native Americans allying with the French. The British general Edward Braddock also failed to do so and was killed, beginning a pattern of British defeats. William Pitt then took control of the war, gaining colonial support by promising reimbursement for their help. French defeat in this war greatly decreased their influence in the colonies. The war also led to an increase in colonial resistance and anti-British sentiment.

1765-Act imposed by the British which dictated that all printed materials in the colonies had to be issued on officially stamped paper. This act, the first case in which Parliament directly taxed the colonies, created strong resentment in the colonies and was later repealed by Lord Rockingham out of fear of economic repercussions of the economic boycott threatened by the colonists.

1767-British legislation that forced colonies to pay duties on most goods coming from England; these duties were fiercely resisted and finally repealed in 1770.

1770-Conflict between British soldiers and Boston civilians; five colonists were killed and six wounded.

Radical group that organized resistance against British policies in Boston in the 1760s and 70s, including the Boston Tea Party. Led by Samuel Adams, the protests of this group forced the MA stamp agent, Andrew Oliver, to resign.

Committees created first in MA and then in other colonies which circulated grievances against the British to towns within their colonies; arguably the first modes of protest in the colonies.

1773-In response to British taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw chests of tea into the Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act, in an important symbolic act of resistance to British economic control of the colonies.

1774-Meeting in Philadelphia at which colonists vowed to resist further efforts to tax them without their consent. The Declaration of Rights and Grievances and the Suffolk Resolves were issued, and a petition was sent to George III requesting the repeal of all regulatory acts and informing him of the economic boycott. It was also decided that colonies would begin to build up militias.

1754-Meeting of delegates from Northern and Southern colonies which attempted to reach a consensus on how to expand in relation to the French. Although no consensus was reached, Virginia Governor Dinwiddie sent a militia to stop the French construction of a fort, which failed but started the Seven Years' War.

British leader in the Seven Years' War who won by gaining colonial support on the promise that they would be repaid after the war.

Treaty which ended the Seven Years' War and gave most of France's colonial territories to Britain and Spain.

British Prime Minister under George III who sought to ease the debts incurred through many British wars by increasing taxation on the colonies, whom he saw as needing to take on their share of the burden for the Seven Years' War. His policies weakened the already poor postwar colonial economy and incited anti-British sentiment in the colonies.

1764-Act which made it illegal to print money in the colonies. This posed a challenge, due to the shortages of hard currency in the colonies.

1764-Act which increased the penalties for smuggling and forced the colonists to pay a duty on all imported molasses.

1765-Act which required that colonists provide food and accommodations for British soldiers.

1765-Meeting at which colonial representatives agreed that taxation must come from within the colonies.

Act following the repeal of the Stamp Act, stating that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Chancellor of the Exchequer who took a large part in forming colonial policies and hoped to generate revenue through colonial trade. He also created Admiralty Courts to try smuggling cases, and stationed British soldiers in port cities.

1767-Acts imposing duties on glass, paper, and tea (goods produced in Britain), the profits from which would be used to pay the salaries of British officials in the colonies. They were repealed, except for the tax on tea which was left as a symbol of power.

Letter by Samuel Adams which was approved by the MA Assembly and other colonial assemblies. It protested the Townshend Acts on the grounds that "taxation without representation is tyranny."

Act which allowed the East India Tea Company to sell tea directly to colonists, which led to colonial resistance.

1774-Acts which closed the port of Boston and put the MA assembly under the control of the king and the governor and incited fear that similar actions could be taken in other colonies.

Act which increased the religious freedom of French Catholics, and was taken by many as a threat of absolutist French monarchy.

Compromise proposed by John Adams which proposed that while the colonies would not object to regulation of their external commerce, they could not be taxed without their consent.

Act of the First Continental Congress which resolved that the colonies would continue to boycott all British goods until the Intolerable Acts were rescinded.

1775-Meeting that authorized the creation of a Continental Army, the printing of paper money, and the creation of a foreign relations committee; George Washington was appointed commander in chief; many delegates still hoped that conflict could be avoided with the British.

1776-Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking the system of government by monarchy and arguing that the colonies would be more successful independently; this document was very influential throughout the colonies.

1781-Defeat of the British in Virginia, ending their hopes of winning the Revolutionary War. The British General Cornwallis occupied the city but was trapped by French and Colonial forces, after weeks of siege he surrendered.

1783-Treaty ending the Revolutionary War; by this treaty Great Britain recognized American independence and gave Americans the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, although Britain maintained control over Canada. John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams served as US diplomats and agreed that loyalists would be free to reclaim any seized property and that British merchants would be able to collect debts owed to them.

Ratified 1781-Document establishing the first government of the United States, the federal government was given limited power (it could borrow money, handle foreign relations, and mediate interstate conflicts but not raise an army, levy taxes, or regulate commerce) and the states much power. They created a unicameral house in which each state had one vote. This system of government led to economic distress, because the national government had incurred large war debts but had no way to pay them because it could not levy taxes or institute tariffs. Therefore, it was forced to rely on loans from France and other countries, and through the sale of Western lands.

1784, 1785, 1787-Bills authorizing the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory to raise money for the federal government, bills also laid out procedures for these territories to eventually attain statehood. Settlers quickly moved West, despite controversy over the expansion of slavery and the threat of Indian attacks.

Acting governor of Massachusetts whose orders against the Massachusetts Assembly meeting were ignored. He ordered British soldiers to seize the arms stored in Lexington, leading to the battle at that location.

Site of a raid on colonial arms being stockpiled by rebels. The British ordered the colonists to disperse and a few were wounded.

Location the British marched to to raid military and food supplies. The colonists opened fire and attacked as the British retreated to Lexington, inflicting far heavier losses than the colonists suffered.

Petition sent to King George III which asked for him to help facilitate a "happy and permanent reconciliation." The king never read the petition, further strengthening the colonist's position.

1776-Doccument declaring US independence, listing the grievances of the colonies, and arguing for certain inalienable rights, among them the right to a government by the consent of the governed.

1775-Bloody battle in which the colonists were defeated, but at the expense of significant British casualties.

German allies of the British, who were defeated by Washington's forces Christmas 1776.

British General during the Revolutionary War who failed in large part due to his slow military actions and failure to go to Albany during the "British Blunder" of 1777.

1777-British tactical failure, in which troops tried to converge on Albany, NY, but failed because Howe went to Philadelphia instead and the British army was weighed down by cumbersome supplies.

Defeat of British forces under Burgoyne, signaling the beginning of the end for the British and winning increased military support by France for colonial troops.

Camp of Washington's soldiers during the winter of '77-'78. Low morale and discipline caused by cold weather, malnutrition, and desertions was improved under Baron von Steuben's daily drilling.

Legislatures having two houses which were established by state constitutions. These constitutions also gave limited power to governors and broadened the number of people allowed to vote.

Rebellion of farmers in MA led by Daniel Shays, protesting the poor economic conditions and collection of debts. The rebellion was put down by a private army and lowered taxes, but demonstrated the necessity of stronger state and national governments.

Plan proposed by Edmund Randolph and James Madison during the debate over the constitution, proposing a bicameral legislature with representatives determined by proportional representation (proportional representation), which was supported by larger states.

Plan proposed during the debate over the constitution, proposing one legislative body for the country with each state having one vote, which was supported by smaller states.

Connecticut plan that stated that one house of the Congress would be based on population (the House of Reps) while in the other house all states would have equal representation (the Senate).

Procedure for electing the president and vice-president of the US as outlined in the Constitution; electors from each state, not the popular vote, would elect the president. This appeased the fears that a national government would have too much power.

The decision which stated that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining eventual membership in the House of Representatives.

Party which advocated a larger national government (like that proposed in the new Constitution), earning the support of commercial interests and trusting that the elites who would rule the country would act in the best interests of the country. They were opposed by Jeffersonians, who wanted smaller governments.

Acts proposed by President John Adams which gave the president the power to expel "dangerous" aliens and outlawed "scandalous" publications against the government.

Proponent of the three branches of government, which appeased the public's fears of an over-concentration of power in the hands of a few.

Party which opposed the creation of a constitution and feared that it would establish a tyranny similar to Britain's. They valued individual rights, and saw state's rights as the best protection of individual rights.

First president of the US, who was elected after leading the military in the Revolutionary War. He believed that the president should enforce, not create laws, and therefore made few suggestions to congress. His farewell address warned against partisanship and advocated isolationism.

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. They also stated that these were not the only rights of US citizens, and that all rights not specifically given to the federal government belonged to state governments.

Secretary of the Treasury under Washington who advocated mercantilist policies, including the transformation of the US into a manufacturing power and economic union with Great Britain, as well as high tariffs on foreign goods. For this, he advocated a strong national government and a broad interpretation of the constitution (one in which powers not given to the states belonged to the federal government). He became the ideological leader of the federalist party, which was popular in the North and Southeast.

Secretary of State under Washington who wanted the US to remain largely agricultural, advocated free-trade, laissez-faire economic policies, and a strict interpretation of the constitution (in which the federal government had only the powers specifically given to it). He became the ideological leader of the Republican party, which was popular in the South and West. He was elected president in 1800, and upon entering office did not renew the Alien and Sedition Acts and cut back on taxes and federal spending, but displayed his pragmatism by accepting that economic growth was conditional upon his support of a National Bank.

Hamilton's report in which he argued that the US had to redeem all notes issued under the Articles of Confederation and that the federal government should assume the debts of state governments. He also advocated the creation of a national bank to assist efforts to industrialize and the creation of tax incentives and subsidies to spur industrial growth, which would be paid for by high tariffs on imports. His plans were mostly accepted, except for his plan for industrialization.

1793-Declaration issued by Washington after the outbreak of the French Revolution and ensuing war between France and the rest of Europe, which allowed the US to continue trading with both sides.

1794-Rebellion by Pennsylvania farmers against Hamilton's tax on whiskey (to pay for the state debts assumed by the federal government), which was how they sold their grain. Washington put down the rebellion, demonstrating the strength of the new government.

Angry at the US's frequent trading with the French West Indies, Britain began seizing and searching US merchant ships. John Jay reached unsatisfying (and unpopular) terms: although the British agreed to leave some forts in the Northwest Territory, they did not promise the US freedom of the seas and retained the right to seize French goods.

Negotiator of a popular treaty with Spain which gave the US navigation rights on the Mississippi river, resulting in faster produce shipments.

Largely unsuccessful Federalist who made few decisions for himself and suffered under scandals like the "XYZ Affair." He advocated buildup of the US navy in preparation for a potential war with France, but the Convention of 1800 eased tensions and offered the US recompense for its seized ships. He responded to criticisms on is administration with the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

Act which gave the president the power to deport any immigrant who was felt to be dangerous.

Act which gave the administration to prohibit malicious attacks on the president or congress.

Resolves asserting that states did not have to enforce laws which were unconstitutional, like the Sedition Act.

1803-Supreme Court case which established the right of judicial review, stating that the Supreme Court had the right to review all federal laws and decisions and declare whether or not they are constitutional.

1803-Massive land purchase from Empereror Napoleon of France that virtually doubled the size of the US.

1804-Expedition that discovered much about the western part of North America and the economic possibilities there.

War between the British and the Americans over British seizure of American ships, connections between the British and Native-American tribes, and other tensions. The British sacked Washington, DC in 1814. The treaty ending the war restored diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Plan proposed by Senator Henry Clay and others to make America economically independent by increasing industrial production in the US and by the creation of a second National Bank.

1820-Political solution devised to keep the number of slave states ans free states equal; Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. Potential states in the northern part of the Louisiana territory would also come in as free states in the future.

The federalists willingly gave up power to the Republican Thomas Jefferson when he was elected president after two Federalists.

1801-Act passed right before Jefferson entered office, creating a series of new federal courts to which Adams appointed Federalists.

Series of last-minute appointments of Federalist judges made by Adams right before he left office, including Chief Justice John Marshall and almost-judge William Marbury.

1801-Case which established judicial review. Last-minute Federalist appointee William Marbury was not given his letter of appointment, because SoS Madison refused to issue it. The SC ruled that it could not force Adams to act, but did have the power to decide whether or not things were constitutional.

1803-Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory for $15 million, doubling the size of the US's territory. Although the president was not constitutionally given the power to purchase new territory and Jefferson had previously favored a strict interpretation of the constitution, he believed that he was acting in the US's best interests. His actions were criticized by Northern Federalists, who feared the Southwestern expansion would decrease their power.

Exploration Westward of the territory gained in the Louisiana Purchase, which inspired further exploration and expansion.

Group of Boston Federalists who criticized the decline of "public virtue" under Jefferson.

Failed candidate for the presidency who served as VP under Jefferson, but opposed him. After killing Hamilton in a duel, he moved West and took par tin a scheme to turn the Louisiana Territory into an independent nation. He failed, and was aquitted by his fellow Federalist John Marshall. His betrayal demonstrated the schism in US government.

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy. Britain also stopped and coerced many American ships trading in the French West Indies.

Policy of the British of forcing Americans on the ships they stopped to join the British navy.

Embargo stopping all American ships from entering the seas. Although intended to make France and Britain respect American neutrality, it actually hurt the American economy seriously.

President elected after the unpopular Embargo of 1807.

Act which reversed the Embargo of 1807, allowing trade with all countries except Britain and France.

Group of Americans, led by Henry Clay, who supported going to war with Britain because they believed that it would allow the US to expand west, and therefore expand economically.

Native American who unified tribes against the US, generating significant fear and suspicions that the British were encouraging such aggression.

War between the US and British, with most Native Americans fighting on the side of the British. The US declared war out of frustration with British impressment policies on US ships and suspicion that the British were inciting acts of aggression against the colonies by Native Americans. The US experienced successes under William Henry Harrison against Tecumseh and the British at the Thames and Andrew Jackson against the same forces in New Orleans. After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, the war ended with diplomatic relations restored and no changes made.

1814-Treaty ending the War of 1812, which restored diplomatic relations exactly as they had been before the war.

Group of Federalists who were opposed to the War and Western politicians, who met to discuss solutions including nullification and secession. After the end of the war, their actions looked foolish and the Federalist party began to decline.

Era under Monroe after the War of 1812 in which the Federalist party declined and the US experienced unprecedented unity.

System proposed by Clay and other nationalists to make the US more economically independent by manufacturing for itself the goods it would otherwise import. This would be done with the help of a Second National Bank, to provide credit, and high tariffs.

Tariff intended to help US manufacturers, which initially did so but contributed to a depression in 1819.

Solution proposed by Clay which temporarily solved the question of whether new states would be slave or free, and maintained the equal balance by having MI enter as a slave state and MN enter as a free state and all further states be divided as slave or free along the 36 parallel.

1823-Proclamation that countries of the Western Hemisphere "are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."

Congressional act that authorized the removal of all Native American tribes east of the Mississippi to the west; the Trail of Tears and other forced migrations caused the death of thousands.

Aboltionist newspaper begun by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831.

A system used heavily during the presidency of Andrew Jackson whereby political supporters of the winning candidate are given jobs in the government.

In reaction to tariff legislation passed in 1828, the South Carolina legislature explored the possibility of nullification, by which individual states could rule on the constitutionality of federal laws. Other Southern legislatures discussed the idea of nullifying federal laws in their states.

Political party which emerged in the 1830s in opposition to the Democratic Party; Whigs favored policies that promoted commercial and industrial growth.

Pre-industrial system in which manufacturers gave raw materials to families to process and paid them for their labors.

Factory system in which young women worked for little money in terrible conditions and lived in factory dormitories, there was a high worker turnover which resulted in limited attempts to create a labor movement.

1831-Case in which Marshall ruled (in response to Georgia's pressures on the Cherokee to sell their land) that although Native Americans had a right to their lands, they could not stand in court because they were not a state or foreign country.

1790s-1830s movement which reaffirmed religious principles within an industrializing and commercializing society through revival meetings, emphasis on individual free will, and the involvement and education of women.

1830s advocate for better conditions of the mentally ill.

1830s Movement which advocated not drinking to excess.

1830s advocate for higher educational standards.

1817 Society which criticized the contact between blacks and whites slavery caused and advocated instead the return of slaves to Africa.

1831-Rebellion by the slave Nat Turner, which was brutally put down and led to harsher black codes and restrictions on slaves.

In 1824, Jackson won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote, the election was therefore given to the senate and Henry Clay gave his support to Adams in exchange for a position as SoS. Jackson's supporters were angry and used this to discredit Jackson.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by Jackson who validated his decisions favoring state's rights.

VP under Jackson who advocated nullification as a measure to protect states from the tyranny of Federal government.

Debate over the sale of Federal land which ended up an issue of states' rights, with MA's Daniel Webster warning that nullification would lead to violence and disunity. Jackson opposed nullification.

1832-Act which authorized Jackson to send troops and federal marshals to South Carolina to enforce the tariff, in response to nullification.

Manager of the National Bank, which Jackson tried to replace with local "pet" banks. In return, Biddle increased interest rates and called in loans, causing a financial panic in his attempt to demonstrate the necessity of having a National Bank.

Concept that became popularized in the 1840s stating that it was the God-given mission of the US to expand westward.

1846-War fought over possession of Texas, which was claimed by both Mexico and the US. Polk instigated the conflict by encouraging settlement and sending soldiers under Zachary Taylor into Mexico in hopes of expanding. Whigs and abolitionists opposed the war; the settlement ending this war gave the US the northern part of the Texas territory and the territories of New Mexico and California.

Temporarily ending tensions between the North and the South caused by California being a free state (even though half of it was in the South), this measure allowed California to enter the Union as a free state but also strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law and outlawed the slave trade in Washington DC. Southerners feared that the number of free states would continue to grow and outnumber them.

Part of the Compromise of 1850, legislation that set up special commissions in northern states to determine if accused runaway slaves were actually that. Commissioners were given more money if the slave was found to be a runaway than if they were not. Many northern legislatures attempted to circumvent this law.

1854-Compromise (initially about trains) that allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to vote to decide if they would enter the Union as free or slave states. Much violence and confusion took place in Kansas as various types of "settlers" moved into the territory in the months before the vote in an attempt to influence it.

1856-Critical Supreme Court ruling that stated that slaves were property and not people; as a result they could not seek a ruling in any court. The ruling also stated that Congress had no legal right to ban slavery in any territory, nullifying the Missourri Compromise.

Trail which carried missionaries and settlers in search of gentle climates and the fur trade to Oregon.

1846-Both the US and Britain were allowed to settle in Oregon, but this arrangement led to conflict. Americans hoping for total American control of Oregon rallied under the cry "Fifty-four under forty or fight!" The treaty gave up most of Oregon to America.

1836-Battle at which American settlers who had settled in Texas but did not want to conform to the conditions imposed on them by Mexico. When Mexico made to suppress the rebellion, they fought and were defeated but became martyrs for the cause of Texan independence.

Dark horse democratic candidate who supported annexation of Texas and expansionist policies which led to the Mexican-American war.

1848-Treaty ending the Mexican-American war, in which the US purchased the Texas territory for $15 million.

Proposition by David Wilmot which suggested that slavery be outlawed in any territory acquired from Mexico. Although it was rejected, it exacerbated sectional tensions.

Party which opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories.

Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe written in response to the Fugitive Slave Act; it demonstrated the immorality of slavery.

Democratic candidate who favored Southern interests, initiated trade with Japan, negotiated the Gadsden Purchase, and supported seizing Cuba from the Spanish by force.

Purchase of land from Mexico which provided the US with a southern route for trade and territory for a potential transcontinental railroad.

Nativist party which gained power during the downfall of the Whig party.

Party opposed to slavery in all territories.

Constitution falsely elected in Kansas which supported slavery.

1856-Incidents following the creation of the Lecompton Constitution, in which Lawrence was sacked and John Brown killed five slavery-supporters in the Pottawatomie Massacre.

Debates over slavery and new territories; when Lincoln asked how a territory could exclude slavery after Dred Scott Douglas responded with the Freeport Doctrine: that a territory could exclude slavery if the laws and regulations written made it impossible to enforce.

Doctrine stating that that a territory could exclude slavery if the laws and regulations written made it impossible to enforce.

Radical white abolitionist who seized a federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry in hopes of starting a slave rebellion; he failed and was hanged. His actions exacerbated tensions, as the North supported and the South opposed him.

Confederacy formed between the states which seceded following the election of 1860. Included South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, and Alabama, and later Virginia. Their status as a confederacy made it difficult to make comprehensive trade decisions, enforce tariffs, collect taxes, and enforce conscription.

1861-Federal fort which the South demanded be surrendered. Ships carrying supplies to the fort were fired on by the Confederacy. This ended hopes of compromise.

1861-Plan proposed by KY senator John Crittenden, suggesting that the Missouri Compromise be extended to the Pacific and a federal guarantee of slavery's continuation wherever it already existed. It was shot down because of its incompatibility with Lincoln's Free-Soil platform.

1861-Early Civil War engagement ending in defeat for the Union army; this battle convinced many in the North that victory over the Confederacy would not be as easy as they first thought it would be.

1863-Proclamation that freed sales in Southern territories controlled by the Union army, this executive proclamation by President Lincoln also committed the Union to the abolition of Slavery. It gave the Union a moral cause, ended any hope of Britain supporting the South, and heartened Northern blacks while alienating some Northern whites.

1863-The bloodiest overall battle of the Civil War in which the South was forced to retreat; many historians claim that the Southern defeat in this battle was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.

Virginia courthouse where General Robert E. Lee surrendered confederate forces of April 9, 1865.

General who led Confederate forces.

First Union General in the Civil War

Union's plan in the Civil War, which focused on encircling the south by blockading ports to stop imports (of manufactured goods) and exports (of cotton) as well as the Union capture of New Orleans, which in 1862 gave the Union control of the Mississippi.

1862-Battle won by the confederacy.

1862-Bloody but inconclusive Civil War battle.

Northern democrats who opposed the Civil War on the grounds that freed slaves would take away jobs.

Law enacted by Lincoln in Virginia to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus in response to dissent he feared would lead to Virgina seceding.

1862-Serious Union defeat due to a lack of leadership.

1863-Serious Union defeat due to a lack of leadership.

1863-Victory by Grant which gave the Union control of the Mississippi.

Destructive policy enacted by Union General Sherman destroyed the South the Union army marched through Savannah.

1865-1877-Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era proved long lasting.

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South (such as reversals of the Black Codes) that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union. They saw Reconstruction as a constitutional issue which Congress had the right to run.

1867-Act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by carpetbaggers during Reconstruction.

Term of derision used in the South during Reconstruction for white Southern Republicans.

Group founded in Tennessee in 1866; its oftentimes violent actions (ranging from intimidation to lynchings) during Reconstruction represented the resentments felt by many Southern whites toward the changing political, social, and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.

Political compromise ending the disputed presidential election of 1876; by the terms of this compromise Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, thus giving him the presidency; in return, all federal troops were removed from the South and the Congress promised to stop enforcing much Reconstruction-era legislation concerning the South.

Plan proposed by Lincoln for Reconstruction under which 10% of all registered voters in a Southern state took an oath of loyalty to the Union the state could create its own government, loyal to Washington. Several states did so, but their applications were rejected by Radical Republicans in congress who wanted more radical restructuring.

1866-Sets of laws passed in the South limiting the mobility and employment of blacks and prohibiting interracial marriage.

1864-Bill vetoed by Lincoln which would have required a majority of voters to take an oath of loyalty to reenter the union, indirectly requiring a significant amount of black voters to participate.

Johnson's lenient plan for Reconstruction, under which all Southerners who swore loyalty were offered amnesty, except former confederate leaders and wealthy planters.

Congressional organization created in 1865 to help ex-slaves gain employment, education, and assistance.

Act passed over Johnson's veto which gave freedmen all the benefits of federal citizenship, to be upheld by the federal courts.

1865-Amendment which outlawed slavery.

1866-Amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all citizens.

1867-Act which placed the South under military control, required the creation of new state constitutions which offered equal rights, and barred former confederates from voting.

Act passed by Congress during Reconstruction to reduce Johnson's control over the army.

Act which stated that the president could not dismiss cabinet members without senate approval, designed to keep Radical Republican Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in office. Johnson ignored this, and was impeached but not convicted.

1870-Amendment which gave people of all races the right to vote.

1862-Bill that did much to encourage settlers to move west by giving them land directly; 160 acres of land were given to any settler who was an American citizen or who had applied for citizenship, who was committed to farming the land for six months of the year, and who could pay the $10 registration fee.

1890-Battle which was the last large-scale attempt by Native Americans to resit American settlement in the Great Plains region. Federal soldiers opened fire on Native Americans, killing over 200.

1887-Act designed to break up Native American tribes by offering individual Native Americans land to be used for either farming or grazing. It also promoted assimilation, by creating schools for Native American children which enforced American cultural norms.

Organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional levels; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads. They nominated James Weaver in 1892 but received limited support outside the West.

Formed in 1892 by members of the Farmers' Alliances, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.

1893 thesis by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner suggesting that the innovations practiced by Western farmers had a profound impact on shaping American ideals, such as self-sufficiency and democracy, and that the closing of the frontier in 1890 would alter the American psyche significantly. He also argued that the frontier had served as a safety valve, relieving social tensions throughout history.

1862-Act which gave land to states which could be sold and the profits used to start colleges, thereby providing land to settlers and educational opportunities to Americans.

Large farms which grew dominant on the frontier by using technology to grow non-diversified cash crops in greater quantities. This drove the price of crops down, and led to increased production in a downward spiral which contributed to the organization of farmers.

Black settlers who moved west in search of economic opportunities and racial equity not found in the south, most failed and moved back east.

1878-Bill which sold land unsuitable to farming to settlers cheaply. Many "settlers" purchased the land then sold their claims to lumber companies.

Company that purchased metals mined by individual miners.

Inventor of barbed wire, whose creation made the separation of farmlands possible and ended the open range.

1876-Battle in which Sitting Bull and the Sioux tribe killed a force of men led by General Custer who had come to remove them from their lands, in the last Native American victory against settlers.

Movement started by the Nez Perce in which dance ceremonies were supposed to restore Native American territories. It inspired significant fear in many whites, and inspired renewed violence against Native Americans.

Policy enacted after the Civil War in which paper money was removed from circulation and all money was backed by a gold standard. While this prevented inflation, many farmers felt it was hurting them and resented the executive resistance to congressional actions which would have minted more currency.

1867-Farmer's movement which created alliances to buy supplies at lower costs and advocated the regulation of railroad rates to make shipping crops more affordable.

Party in the 1878 election which advocated the printing of more paper money, but received limited support.

Platform for the National Farmers' Alliance which advocated federal regulation of the railroad, putting more money into circulation, state departments of agriculture and the creation of federally owned grain warehouses.

1887-Act which stated that the federal government could regulate interstate railway rates.

1890-Act which aimed to control the power of trusts and monopolies.

Following management practices of the industrial engineer Frederick Taylor, the belief that factories should be managed in a scientific manner, utilizing techniques that would increase the efficiency of the individual workers and the factory process as a whole.

Strategy of gaining as much control over a single industry as possible, oftentimes by creating trusts and holding companies; this strategy was utilized by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil.

Strategy of gaining as much control over a single industry as possible by controlling the production, marketing, and distribution of the finished product. Exemplified by Andrew Carnegie and US Steel.

Philosophy of Andrew Carnegie who believed that wealthy industrialists had an obligation to help local communities and philanthropic organizations.

Est 1880s, this was the major union of that decade. It was made up of unions of many industries and accepted unskilled workers.

National labor union formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886; original goal was to organize skilled workers by craft.

More radical than the AFL, this union was formed n 1905 and attempted to unionize unskilled laborers not recruited by the AFL. Members of this union were called "wobblies."

A depiction of late 19th century America that emphasizes a surface of great prosperity hiding problems of social inequality and cultural shallowness.

1883-Federal act that established a civil service system at the federal level; for the first time, not all government jobs would be political appointments.

Political machine that ran New York City Democratic and city politics beginning in 1870; became a model for other urban political machines in the late 1800s.

Technological revolution of the 1890's characterized by a shift to heavy industry, the development of new power sources (ie coal and steam) and geographical expansion of manufacturing to the South.