question

Great American Desert

answer

The vast arid territory which includes the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and Western Plateau (this is in between the Mississippi River and Pacific Coast) was named this.

question

Mining frontier

answer

The western states which had series of gold strikes including, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota.

question

Comstock Lode

answer

The major U.S. discovery of gold and silver (this produced over $340 million in gold and silver by 1890) which was responsible for Nevada entering the Union in 1864.

question

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

answer

Prohibited further immigration of Chinese laborers to the U.S. in order to reduce competition for mining gold. This was also the first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality.

question

Cattle drives

answer

Rounding cattle up and moving them from one area to another by cowboys.

question

Cowboys; vaqueros

answer

Vaqueros were the Mexican cowboys in Texas. These cowboys raised the cattle.

question

Barbed wire

answer

Homesteaders had used these fencings to cut off the cattle from accessing formerly open range.

question

Farming frontier

answer

The Great Plains was mainly the farming frontier. Settlement in the farming frontier was encouraged by the Homestead Act (which gave 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years).

question

Great Plains

answer

The broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lie in the west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming are apart of the plains).

question

Oklahoma Territory

answer

Was once set for Native Americans, but was then open for settlement in 1889.

question

Frederick Jackson Turner; frontier thesis

answer

He was a historian who created the frontier thesis. His thesis explained that the frontier experience had promoted a habit of independence and individualism. It was also said that the frontier had also acted as a powerful social leveler, breaking down class distinctions and ensuring social and political democracy (basically the thesis says that the frontier life makes Americans become more inventive and practical-minded).

question

Reservations

answer

Large tracts of land with definite boundaries which were assigned to plain tribes by the government.

question

Indian Wars

answer

Wars fought between the Americans and Native Americans due to the settlement of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders in the Native American lands.

question

Sitting Bull

answer

Sioux holy man who led his people in the Sioux War.

question

Crazy Horse

answer

Sioux war leader who fought in the Sioux War, and participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

question

George Custer; Little Big Horn

answer

In 1876, the Sioux ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Custer's command at Little Big Horn.

question

Chief Joseph

answer

Indian chief who lead a band of Nez Perce (a tribe of Native Americans who lived in the Pacific Northwest Region of the U.S.) into Canada, which ended in defeat and surrender in 1877.

question

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

answer

American writer who wrote this A Century of Dishonor, which was about the injustice done to Native Americans . This book became a best-seller and created sympathy for Native Americans and motivated many to help Native Americans propose assimilation as a solution

question

Assimilationists

answer

Humanitarians who emphasized formal education and training and conversion to Christianity.

question

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

answer

This initially created to abandon the practice of dealing with Native Americans tribes as separate nations. The Dawes Act divided the tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size. Also this granted U.S. citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of civilized life. Finally, the Dawes act distributed 47 million acres of land to Native Americans.

question

Ghost Dance Movement

answer

A religious movement which was the last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands.

question

Wounded Knee

answer

The massacre of 200 Native American men, women, and children in the Dakotas. This was also the final tragedy marked by the end of the Indian Wars.

question

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

answer

Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.

question

New South

answer

The South is now characterized by a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

question

Crop lien system

answer

A credit system that became widely used by farmers in the U.S. after the Civil War in the South. This system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. After the crops were harvested, they would use it to pay back their loan.

question

George Washington Carver

answer

An African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, who promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. He played an important role in shifting southern agriculture toward a more diversified base.

question

Tuskegee Institute

answer

A private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama.

question

Farmer's Southern Alliance

answer

An organization of southern white farmers, which rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

question

Colored Farmers' National Alliance

answer

An organization of southern colored farmers, which rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

question

Segregation laws

answer

Policies separating, or segregating, public facilities for blacks and white as a means of treating African Americans as social inferiors.

question

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

answer

A case that was aroused as the U.S. Supreme Court struck down one Reconstruction Act after another applying to civil rights. In the Civil Rights Cases, the Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, and other businesses used by the public.

question

Plessy v. Ferguson

answer

A landmark case in 1896, in which the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads.

question

Jim Crow Laws

answer

These were a wave of segregation laws which were accepted by southern states. These laws required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places.

question

Grandfather clause; poll tax; literacy test

answer

Clauses which were accepted by many southern states. However, this allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction. The Supreme Court then sanctioned a case in 1898, in which it upheld a state's right to use literacy tests to determine citizens' qualifications for voting.

question

Henry Turner

answer

A Bishop who formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks to emigrate to Africa.

question

Ida B. Wells, Memphis Free Speech

answer

She was the editor of the Memphis Free Speech (a black newspaper), who was devoted to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow Laws.

question

Booker T. Washington

answer

A former slave who had graduated from Hampton Institute. He established an industrial and cultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama. He helped to teach southern African Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help.

question

National Negro Business League

answer

Was organized by Booker T. Washington in 1900. This established 320 chapters across the country to support business owned and operated by African Americans.

question

Commercial farming

answer

Northern and western farmers of the late 19th century concentrated on raising single cash crops (such as corn or wheat in order to become more specialized) for both national and international markets.

question

Crop-price deflation

answer

Increased American production as well as global competition from farms in Argentina, Russia, and Canada drove crop-price deflation down for wheat, cotton, and other crops. The results were much debts, foreclosures by banks, and more independent farmers forced to become tenants and sharecroppers.

question

National Grange movement

answer

A movement which was focused on defending members of the Grange against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads. Later, the movement targeted the storage fees which were assessed by grain elevators and the freight rates charged by railroads. Also, the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry was organized in 1868 during the movement by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families.

question

Cooperatives

answer

(established by Grangers) These were businesses owned and run by the farmer to save the costs charged by middlemen.

question

Granger Laws

answer

Laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. Other Granger Laws made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and give rebates to privileged customers.

question

Munn v. Illinois

answer

The landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

question

Wabash v. Illinois

answer

The Supreme Court ruled in this case that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce.

question

Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

answer

This required railroad rates to be reasonable and just. It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). The ICC had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.

question

Farmers' alliances

answer

These separate alliances were formed by farmers by 1890 in order to serve farmers' needs for education in the latest scientific methods as well as for organized economic and political action.

question

National Alliance

answer

A national organization of farmers which met in Ocala, Florida to address the problems of rural America. The alliance attacked both major parties as subservient to Wall Street bankers and big business.

question

Ocala Platform

answer

A platform created by the Delegates at Ocala consisting of four main ideas they supported. These ideas included (1) direct election of U.S. senators, (2) low tariff rates, (3) a graduated income tax, and (4) a new banking system regulated by the federal government.

question

Cornelius Vanderbilt

answer

person who had a fortune with railroad business

question

New York Central Railroad

answer

a railroad which ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4500 miles of track.

question

Trunk line

answer

major route between large cities

question

Federal land grants

answer

federal government provided railroad companies with he subsidies in theform of loans and land grants

question

Transcontinental railroads

answer

railroad that ran from California to the rest of the Union

question

Union and central pacific

answer

Union built westward across the Great Plains, starting from Omaha, Nebraska, while the Central took on formidable challenge of laying track across mountain passes in the Sierras by pushing eastward from Sacramento, California.

question

Jay Gould

answer

speculator that went into the railroad business for quick profits and made their millions by selling off assets and watering stock

question

Watered stock; pools

answer

inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public

question

Rebates

answer

discounts

question

Panic of 1893

answer

forced quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy

question

J. Pierpont Morgan

answer

bankers who quickly moved in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them (during panic of 1893)

question

Interlocking directorates

answer

the same directors ran competing companies

question

William Vanderbilt

answer

inherited his father Cornelius Vanderbilt's transportation empire

question

Second Industrial Revolution

answer

growth was in heavy industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the industrial machinery to produce other goods

question

Bessemer process

answer

blasting air through molten iron and produced high-quality steel

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

in the 1850s had worked his way up from being a poor Scotish immigrant to becoming the superintendent of Pennsylvania railroad. In the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburg and soon outdistanced his competitors by a combination of salesmanship and the use of the latest technology.

question

Vertical integration

answer

company would control every stage of the industrial process, from mining

question

U.S. Steel

answer

first billion-dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168000 people and controlling over three fifths of the nation's steel business

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

founder of a company that would come to control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating its competition

question

Protestant work ethic

answer

hard work and material success are signs of God's favor

question

Standard Oil Trust

answer

controlled 90percent of the oil refinery business

question

Horizontal integration

answer

former competitors were brough under a single corporate umbrella

question

Antitrust movement

answer

started because of middle class citizens feared the trusts' unchecked power and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich

question

Sherman Antiturst act (1890)

answer

prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or consipiracy in restraint of trade or commerce

question

United States v. E.C. Knight

answer

ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing

question

Laissez-faire capitalism

answer

no government regulation of business

question

Adam Smith

answer

argued that business should be regulated, not by government but by the "invisible hand" of the law of supply and demand

question

Social Darwinism

answer

Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology played a role in bolstering the view of economic conservatives

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

most influential of the social Darwininsts who thought that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace

question

Survival of the fittest

answer

the most "fit" survives from the competition (concentration of wealth in the hands of the "fit" was a benefit to the future of the human race)

question

Gospel of wealth

answer

"wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy for the benefit of society"

question

Russell Conwell

answer

gave a popular lecture "Acres of Diamonds" which saids that everyone had a duty to become rich

question

Protestant work ethic

answer

hard work and material success are signs of God's favor

question

Samuel F.B. Morse

answer

brought radical change in the speed of communications through his invention of a workable telegraph

question

Transatlantic cable

answer

improved in 1866 which suddenly made it possible to send messages across the seas in an instant's time

question

Alexander Graham Bell

answer

made huge leap in communications technology through his invention of the telephone

question

Telephone

answer

communication technology which improved from the telegraph

question

Thomas A. Edison; research laboratory

answer

inventor who succeded in early age which made him possible to make a research laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey (the research laboratory was the world's first modern research laboratory and may have been the single most important contribution to science and industry, because it introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working ona project as a team rather than a lone inventor). Also, Edison invented phonograph, incandescent lamp, dynamo for generating electric power, mimeograph machines, motion picture camera, and the light bulb.

question

George Westinghouse

answer

inventor who held more htan 400 patents and was responsible for developing an air brake for railroads and transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current.

question

Consumer goods

answer

output of U.S. factories

question

Sear, Roebuck; Montgomery Ward

answer

large mail-order companies, who used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers everything from hats to houses ordered from their thick catalogs which were known to millions of Americans as the "wish book."

question

Concentration of wealth

answer

richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled nine-tenths of the nation's wealth

question

Horatio Alger

answer

writer who sold million copies. (Every Alger novel portrayed a young man of modest means who became rich and successful through honesty, hard work, and a little luck)

question

Upward mobility

answer

movement into a higher economic bracket

question

White-collar workers

answer

salaried workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor

question

Middle class

answer

people with jobs of accountants, clerical workers, salesperson, doctors, lawyers, public employees, and storekeepers.

question

David Ricardo; iron law of wages

answer

argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population, and the availability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery and starvation.

question

Scab; lockout; blacklist; yellow-dog contract; injunction

answer

unemployed persons desperate for jobs; closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized; names of prounion workers circulated amonge employers; workers being told, as a condition for employment, that they must sign an agreement not to join a union; some sort of lawful action that makes people unable to take certain kinds of actions

question

Railroad strike of 1877

answer

Occurred during an economic depression, when the railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. A strike on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad quickly spread across 11 state and shut down two-thirds of the country's rail trackage

question

National labor union

answer

first attempt to organize all workers in all states - both skilled and unskilled both agricultural workers and industrial workers- was the National Labor Union

question

Knights of labor

answer

second national labor union, began in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the union went public in 1881 opening its membership to all workers, including African American and women. (they advocated : worker cooperatives" to make each man his own employers, abolition of child labor, abolition of trusts and monopolies)

question

Terence V. Powderly

answer

Person who organized the Knights of labor

question

Haymarket bombing (1886)

answer

incidence where at Chicago, with about 80000 knights in 1886, was the site of the first May Day labor movement. Also living in Chicago was about 200 anarchists who advocated the violent overthrow of all government. As result, The knights of labor lost popularity and membership

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

unlike labor unions in past, it concentrated on attaining practical economic goals.

question

Samuel Gompers

answer

led the union from 1886 to 1924, went after the basics of higher wages and improved working conditions

question

Homestead strike (1892)

answer

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant near Pittsburgh (caused by a cut of their wage by nearly 20 percent)

question

Pullman strike (1894) -

answer

strike against railroad monopoly, 50,000 strike, gov't brought in to stop

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

leader American Railway Union, tried to help strikers, jailed for 6 months

question

In re Debs

answer

the Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions.

question

1.) Columbian Exposition

answer

Hosted in 1893 in Chicago, 12 million people gathered to the White City to see the progress of American civilizations as represented by new industrial technologies and by the architects' grand visions of an ideal urban environment.

question

2.)"old immigrants"

answer

the majority of immigrants that came from northern and western Europe: the British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. Most were Protestants, although some were Irish and German Catholics.

question

3.) Statue of Liberty

answer

Made by Frédéric- Auguste Bartholdi. The statue was a beacon of hope for the poor and the oppressed of southern and eastern Europe until the 1920's.

question

4.) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

answer

Placed a ban on all new immigrants from China.

question

5.) Ellis Island

answer

Immigration center in 1892.

question

6.) Contract Labor Law

answer

The 1885 Contract Labor Law was an act to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia.

question

7.) American Protective Association

answer

Secret anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant society formed in Iowa in 1887. Its membership consisted mainly of farmers who feared the growth and political power of immigrant-populated cities.

question

8.) Urbanization

answer

The rapid and massive growth of, and migration to, large cities.

question

9.) Streetcar cities

answer

replaced by horse-drawn cars and cable cars and allowed people to travel from the city's commercial center.

question

10.) Mass Transportation

answer

Affected the segregating urban workers by income. The upper and middle classes moved to streetcar suburbs to escape crime, poverty, and pollution of the city.

question

11.) Skyscrapers

answer

Since increasing land values in central business district dictated the construction of taller and taller buildings, cities expanded upward.

question

12.) Ethnic Neighborhoods

answer

To increase profits, people began to move into crowded tenement quarters that had multiple immigrant groups. The groups soon separated into small ethnic neighborhoods to maintain their culture, language, church, and social clubs.

question

13.) Ghettos

answer

Crowded, unhealthy, and crime ridden neighborhoods.

question

14.) Tenements

answer

small, originally windowless, cheap rooms in New York City.

question

15.) Suburbs

answer

The upper and middle class Americans way to escape the city was to move into suburbs.

question

16.) Frederic Law Olmsted

answer

Designed a suburban community with graceful curved roads and open spaces, "a village in the park," in the late 1860's.

question

17.) Political Machine

answer

Started as social clubs and later developed into power centers to coordinate the needs of businesses, immigrants, and the underprivileged. Examples: Tammany Hall in NYC.

question

18.) Party Boss

answer

The top politician who gave orders to rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters. A successful party boss knew how to manage the competing social, ethnic, and economic groups in the city.

question

19.) Henry George, Progress and Poverty

answer

Published in 1879, it proposed placing a single tax on land as the solution to poverty. It became an instant bestseller and jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. It proposed placing a single tax on land as the solution to poverty.

question

20.) Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

answer

Written in 1888, it envisioned a future era in which a cooperative society had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime.

question

21.) Settlement House

answer

Living and working in these houses, the young reformers hoped to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood.

question

22.) Jane Adams

answer

started the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, which taught immigrants English, pioneered early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools.

question

23.) Social Gospel Movement

answer

in the 1880's and 1890's, a number of Protestant clergymen espoused the cause of social justice for the poor, especially the urban poor. They preached what they called Social Gospel, or the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems.

question

24.) Walter Rauschenbusch

answer

led the Social Gospel Movement and also worked in NYC's Hell's Kitchen and wrote several books urging organized religions to take up the cause of social justice.

question

25.) Dwight Moody

answer

Helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt Christianity to city life.

question

26.) Salvation Army

answer

Imported from England, provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor, while also preaching the Christian gospel.

question

27.) Mary Baker Eddy

answer

Taught that good health was the result of correct thinking about "Father Mother God." Founded Christian Science.

question

28.) National American Woman Suffrage Association

answer

founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the 1840's to help secure the vote for women.

question

29.) Woman's Christian Temperance Union

answer

Formed in 1874; it advocated total abstinence from alcohol.

question

30.) Frances E. Willard

answer

Lead the WCTU and advocated the same beliefs.

question

31.) Antisaloon League

answer

Founded in 1893, it became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars.

question

32.) Carry A. Nation

answer

did not want to wait for the law of banning saloons to become in affected, therefore created a sensation by raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet.

question

33.) Anthony Comstock

answer

formed the Society for the Suppression of Vice to be the watchdog of the American morals. Passed the "Comstock Law," this prohibited the maling or transportating of obcene and lewd materials and photographs.

question

34.) Charles W. Eliot

answer

Reduced the number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate the teaching of modern languages and the sciences.

question

35.) Johns Hopkins University

answer

Founded in Baltimore in 1876 as the first American institution to specialize in advanced graduate studies. John Hopkins emphasized research and free inquiry.

question

36.) Oliver Wendell Holmes

answer

Taught that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past.

question

37.) Lester F. Ward

answer

Leading sociologist.

question

38.) Clarence Darrow

answer

A famous lawyer who argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse.

question

39.) W. E. B. Du Bois

answer

The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard.

question

40.) Bret Harte

answer

Regionalist writer who depicted life in rough mining camps of the West.

question

41.) Mark Twain

answer

The first realist writer. Such as, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which revealed the greed, violence, and racism of American society.

question

42.) William Dean Howells

answer

Seriously considered the problems of industrialization and unequal wealth in the novels, The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Hazard of New Fortunes.

question

43.) Stephen Crane

answer

Wrote naturalistic novels such as, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, which told how brutal urban environment could destroy the lives of young people.

question

44.) Jack London

answer

Young California writer and adventurer, who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in novels like The Call of the Wild.

question

45.) Theodore Dreiser

answer

wrote Sister Carrie, which caused a sensation and shocked the moral sensibilities of the time.

question

46.) Winslow Homer

answer

The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors, often rendered scenes of nature in a matter-of-fact way.

question

47.) Thomas Eakins

answer

Specialized in painting the everyday lives of working-class men and women and used the new technology of serial-action photographs to study human analogy and paint it more realistically.

question

48.) James McNeil Whistler

answer

An American expatriate who painted, Arrangement in Grey, which influenced the development of modern art through its study of color.

question

49.) Mary Cassatt

answer

A portrait painter who spent most of her life in France learning the techniques of impressionism.

question

50.) Ashcan School

answer

A close group of social realists who painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods.

question

51.) Armory Show of 1913

answer

Place where realists and romanticists alike presented their abstract, nonrepresentational paintings in New York City.

question

52.) Henry Hobson Richardson

answer

Changed the direction of American agriculture, through his Romanesque style if massive stone walls and rounded arches and gave gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings.

question

53.) Louis Sullivan

answer

From Chicago, he rejected historic styles in his quest for a suitable style for tall, steel framed office buildings of the 1880's and 1890's. Sullivan's buildings achieved a much-admired aesthetic unity.

question

54.) Chicago School

answer

Where artists showed there architecture.

question

55.) Frank Lloyd Wright

answer

An employee of Sullivan's in the 1890's, he developed an "organic" style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings. His vision is exemplified in his prairie houses.

question

56.) Daniel Burnham

answer

Revived classical Greek and Roman architecture in his designs for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and explored both historical and modern styles in their buildings.

question

57.) Fredrick Law Olmsted

answer

One of the most influential urbanists specialized in the planning of city parks and scenic boulevards, including Central Park and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol.

question

58.) John Philip Sousa

answer

Wrote outdoor bandstands and popular marches.

question

59.) Jelly Roll Morton

answer

African American musician who introduced the general American public to jazz in New Orleans.

question

60.) Buddy Bolen

answer

African American musician who introduced the general American public to jazz in New Orleans.

question

61.) Jazz

answer

A form of music that combined African rhythms with western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structural band format.

question

62.) Scott Joplin; Ragtime

answer

Black composer and performer sold nearly a million copies of sheet music of his "Maple Leaf Rag," the start of ragtime music.

question

63.) Joseph Pulitzer

answer

Wrote the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation, the New York World. He achieved this success by filling his daily paper with both sensational stories of crimes and disasters and crusading feature stories about political and economic corruption.

question

64.) William Randolph Hearst

answer

A New Your publisher who pushed scandal and sensationalism to new heights (or lows).

question

65.) P. T. Barnum; James A. Bailey

answer

Created the circus the "Greatest Show on Earth" in the 1880's.

question

66.) Buffalo Bill; Annie Oakley

answer

Headlined in the Wild West show, an extremely popular show. Annie Oakley, the markswoman and William F. Cody, Buffalo Bill.

question

67.) John L. Sullivan

answer

the most famous athlete of era was the heavyweight boxer.

question

68.) Spectator Sports; Amateur Sports; Bachelor Sports

answer

Spectator sports were baseball, football, basketball, and boxing. Amateur sports were for the people who simply wanted the value of playing sports as healthy exercise, such as, croquet, bicycling, golf, tennis, and polo. Bachelor sports were centered around saloons, horse races, and pool halls.

question

69.) Melting Pot/ Assimilation

answer

the prevailing view in the 19th and early 20th century was that the U.S. was a melting pot, in which immigrant groups quickly learned to shed old-world characteristics in order to become successful citizens of their adopted country.

question

70.) Cultural Diversity

answer

a driving force of development, not only in respect of economic growth, but also as a means of leading a more fulfilling intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life.

question

Gilded Age

answer

first used by Mark Twain in 1873; referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the last years of 19th century.

question

Solid south

answer

refers to the electoral support of the Southern United States for the Democratic Party candidates for nearly a century from 1877

question

Roscoe Conkling

answer

leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party and the last person to refuse a U.S Supreme Court appointment after he had been already been confirmed by the U.S Senate.

question

Stalwarts

answer

member of the most patronage-oriented faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century

question

Half breeds

answer

a political faction of the U.S Republican Party; opponents of the Stalwarts. They favored civil service reform and a merit system.

question

Mugwumps

answer

Republican political activists who supports Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884 ; also republicans who did not play the patronage game were ridiculed as the Mugwumps for sitting on the fence - their "mugs" on one side of the fence and "wumps" on the other.

question

Rutherford B. Hayes

answer

Won the election of 1876; he ended Reconstruction by withdrawing the last federal troops from the South. He also attempted to reestablish honest government after the corrupt Grant administration. * vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration.

question

James Garfield

answer

a Republican who is more interested in spoils and patronage than reform. Beat the Democratic war hero, Winfield S. Hancock, for president. His choice of Halfbreeds for most offices provoked a bitter contest with Senator Conkling and his Stalwarts. In 1881, he was shot in the back by an office seeker who was identified with a Stalwart

question

Chester A. Arthur

answer

A president that supported a bill reforming the civil service, and approved the development of a modern American navy. Also he questioned the high protective tariff.

question

Thomas Reid

answer

Also known as Tomas "Czar" Reed from Maine, a sharptongued bully, became Speaker of the House in 1890 an instituted an autocratic rule over the House that took years to break.

question

James G. Blaine

answer

a Senator from Maine; had the potential of being a great political leader and largely succeeded in reshaping the Republicans from an antislavery party into a well organized, business-oriented party. Blaine's reputation as the Plumed Knight was tarnished, however, by evidence of his connection with railroad scandals and other corrupt dealings.

question

Grover Cleveland

answer

an honest mayor buffalo and incorruptible governor of New York State; First Democrat to be elected president since Buchanan in 1856.

question

"Rum, Romanism and Rebellion"

answer

the Democrats were labeled as this during the election of 1884 due to Grover Cleveland's questionable life. Catholics were offended by the phrase, and their votes in key states like New York may have been enough to ensure Cleveland's victory as the first Democrat to be elected president since Buchanan in 1856.

question

Pendleton Act of 1881

answer

set up the Civil Service Commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive examination. This law also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions.

question

Greenback Party

answer

created by supporters of paper money. They opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coinbased monetary system because they believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor.

question

James B. Weaver

answer

A Populist candidate for president, won more than 1 million votes and was also one the few third party candidates in U.S history to win electoral votes in 1892.

question

Crime of 1873

answer

enacted by the US Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Western mining and interests and others who wanted silver in circulation years later labeled this measure the "Crime of '73".

question

Bland

answer

Allison Act - Act of Congress requiring the U.S Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes the Congress overrode Hayes's veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law.

question

Benjamin Harrison

answer

A Republican, elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, Grover Cleveland. His presidential administration is most remembered for its economic legislation, including McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time.

question

Billion dollar congress

answer

Republicans controlled presidency and both houses of Congress. The new Congress was the most active in years, passing the first billion-dollar budget in U.S history. It enacted the following: McKinley Tariff of 1890, which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48 percent Increases in the monthly pensions to Civil War veterans, widows and children The Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing "combinations in restraint of trade" The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, which increased the coinage of silver, but in amounts too small to satisfy farmers and miner A bill to protect the voting rights of African Americans passed by the House but defeated in the Senate.

question

Veteran's pensions

answer

a pension for veterans of the US armed forces

question

McKinley Tariff

answer

raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48 percent

question

The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

answer

which increased the coinage of silver, but in amounts too small to satisfy farmers and miner

question

Populists (People's) Party

answer

It was a shortlived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. The term "populist" has since become a generic term in the U.S for politics which appeals to the common in opposition to established interests.

question

Omaha Platform

answer

delegates from different states met in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892 to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vice president for the new party. The Omaha platform called for both political and economic reforms. Politically, it demanded the restoration of government to the people y means of (1) direct popular election of U.S senators (instead of indirect election by state legislatures) and (2) enacting of state laws by voters themselves through initiatives and refendums placed on the ballot.

question

Panic of 1893

answer

the stock market crashed as a result of over speculation, and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy as a result of overbuilding. The depression continued for almost four years.

question

Gold drain

answer

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell to a dangerously low level, and President Cleveland saw no alternative but to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. However, this action failed to stop the gold drain.

question

Coxey's Army

answer

it was a march to Washington in 1894 by thousands of unemployed led by Populist Jacob A. Coxey of Ohio. The "army" demanded that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs to create jobs. Many of the leaders including Coxey were arrested for trespassing.

question

William Harvey, Coin's financial school

answer

it was introduced by William Harvey to offer easy answers for ending the depression. The book taught millions of discontented Americans that their troubles were caused by a conspiracy of rich bankers, and that prosperity would return if only the government coined silver in unlimited quantities.

question

William Jennings Bryan, " Cross of Gold"

answer

William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska captures the hearts of the delegates with a speech that ended with theses words: " WE will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: " You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.' ". This speech made him, literally overnight, the Democratic nominee for president.

question

Free silver

answer

The Democratic platform favored the unlimited coinage of silver at the traditional, but inflationary, ratio of 16 ounces of silver to one ounce of gold. Thus, the Democrats had taken over the leading issue of the Populist platform. Given little choice, the Populist convention in 1896 also nominated Bryan and conducted a "fused" campaign for "free silver".

question

"Gold Bug" Democrats

answer

it was a short-lived political party of Bourbon Democrats, who opposed the regular party nominee William Jennings Bryan in 1896. They admired Grover Cleveland and considered Bryan a dangerous man and charged that his "free silver" proposals would devastate the economy. They nominated conservative Democratic politician John M. Palmer.

question

William McKinley

answer

he was the 25th president of the US. He was highly supports by Mark Hanna. McKinley took office just as the economy began to revive. Gold discoveries in Alaska in 1897 increased the money supply under the gold standard, which resulted in the inflation that the silverites had wanted. He was well-liked, well-traveled president, who actively tried to bring conflicting interests together. He was also a leader during the war in Spain in 1898.

question

Mark Hanna

answer

He was a supporter of William McKinley. HE raised millions of dollars for the Republican ticket from business leaders who feared that" silver lunacy" would lead to runaway inflation. Hanna used the money to sell McKinley though the mass media, while the Republican candidate stayed home and conducted a safe, front porch campaign, greeting delegations of supports.

question

Dingley Tariff (1897)

answer

The Republicans honored their platform by enacting a high tariff(Dingley Tariff) and making gold the official standard of the U.S currency

question

Dingley Tariff (1897)

answer

The Republicans honored their platform by enacting a high tariff(Dingley Tariff) and making gold the official standard of the U.S currency

question

Dingley Tariff (1897)

answer

The Republicans honored their platform by enacting a high tariff(Dingley Tariff) and making gold the official standard of the U.S currency

APUSH- AMSCO Ch. 16-19 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards