APUSH 1920-1929 Vocab – Flashcards
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Palmer Raids
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In response to the Bolshevic government, formation of the Comintern, and 8 bombs that exploded in different cities around the same time (suggesting a nationwide conspiracy). 1920 New Year's Day this Attourney General and Hoover raided alleged radical centers around the country and arrested 6000 people, most of which were released by around 500 illegal immigrants were deported.
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Schenck v US
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This man was part of the Socialist Party which opposed the war. He encouraged opposition to the draft under the 13th amendment but was overruled with the Espionage Act of 1917 which invalidated his justification because it was a time of clear and present danger in which Congress had the ultimate power.
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Ku Klux Klan
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Although this died in the 1870s, William Simmons revived it in 1915 with a new group of white southerners after an incident in Georgia when a Jewish factor manager supposedly murdered an employee (it was really the janitor). It was inspired by D. W. Griffith's film "Birth of a Nation" and was anti-immigration/black and a moral crusade. Tried to present itself as patriots and defenders of morality but put on menacing parades and rallies and oftentimes public display of terrorism and violence. They opposed any foreign, racially impure, or those opposing traditional view.
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FBI
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This program in the 1920s 1970s investigated and harassed alleged radicals from the Federal Employee Loyalty Program that was created to support Truman's party from Republican attacks and encourage support of the president's foreign policies. Headed by Hoover.
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Harlem Renaissance
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A new generation of African-American Intellects in NYC created an artistic life (poets, novelists, artisans, musicians) who drew from their African roots to prove the richness of their racial heritage. Langston Hughes wrote poems about black experiences including "Mother to Son". Claude McKay wrote "Harlem Shadows". Zora Hurston wrote about the black experience as well. Musicians include Duke Ellington (Piano), Louis Armstrong (trumpet) and Bessie Smith (blues singer).
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Claude McKay
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African-American writer and poet. After the Chicago riot in the 1919 riots he wrote "If We Must Die". He was a large figure in the Harlem Renaissance and wrote "Home to Harlem", "A Long Way from Home", "Banjo", and "Banana Bottoms". He tried to capture the energetic and intense spirit of Harlem and themes of black experiences in white society.
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Marcus Garvey
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Created black nationalism theology, which encouraged blacks to reject assimilation and to develope pride in their own race (a concept later emphasized). Created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) which launched a chain of black businesses. He later encouraged supporters to go back to Africa and create their own society, which failed. He was later convicted of business fraud in 1923 and deported to Jamacia.
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Black Star Line
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A shipping line created by the UNIA (created by Marcus Garvey) which was supposed to transport goods and later blacks back to africa.
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YWCA
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A christian organization for women originally intended to be a social and spiritual wupport system for women in industry. Wanted to insulate women morally and socially in urban life and to educate working women.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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This amendment was campainged by the National Women's Party under Alice Paul that attempted to fight dependence aon men and powerlessness. Found little support in Congress but led to the creation of the League of Women Voters and women auxiliaries in both the Democratic and Republican parties.
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Scopes Trial
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A 24 year old Biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee agreed to teach evolution with the protection of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) which was illegal in 1925 in Tennessee. ACLU sent Clarence Darrow to defend the teacher against William Jennings Bryan as the prosecutor. Forbidden to use scientific facts during this trial, Darrow made Bryan's defenses of biblical truths during cross-examination foolish and slyly made Bryan admit the possibility that not all religious dogma was subject to one strict interpretation.
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William Jennings Bryan
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This person was the prosecutor in the Scopes Trial against attorney Darrow who during cross-examination made this man's defense of biblical truths seem foolish and made Bryan admit that not all religious dogma was subject to only one interpretation.
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Bootleggers
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These men illegally transported and sold alcohol during prohibition.
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Warren G. Harding
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In the election of 1920, this man made a vague promise to return to "normalcy" and won the election with 61% of the vote. Not very fit for the role of President, he had many personal weaknesses (alcohol, gambling, affairs) and appointed many corrupt people to office. In 1923, scandels due to his actions were being investigated by the Senate and Harding left for a speaking tour in the West soon after dying from two major heart attacks.
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Albert B. Fall
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This man was appointed secretary of the interior by President Harding and was engaged in fraud and corrution. A popular scandal occured when this man convinced Harding to transfer control of rich naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills (Wyoming and California) from the Navy Department to the Interior Department. He then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and received about 1/2 mill $ in "loans" to help his private financial troubles. He was ultimately convicted of bribery and sentenced to a year in prison.
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Calvin Coolidge
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This man suceeded Harding as president after Harding died in 1923. He was strict, silent, even puritanical but passive in his administration possibly because of his conviction that government should interfere as little as possible in the life of the nation. He won again in 1924 but refused to run in 1928.
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff
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During 1922, Harding raised rates on imported goods with this tariff hoping to help domestic manufacturing prosper by eliminating foreign competition and making American self-sufficient. This reflected isolationist inclinations after WWI.
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Installment Plan
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This created credit systems in which goods and items could be purchased and paid along with interest over for over time. This was created by manufactors so that Americcans could buy new appliances and cars which helped the economy.
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KDKA
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This was the first commerical radio created in 1920 by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company (Pittsburg, PA). It first reported election presidential results to radios all over the country. This was the start of radios and was popular in society. It homogenized society in that it was something everyone listened to at the same time and conveyed popular culture. It also reduced time and space.
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Gertrude Ederle
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Born from German immigrants, this person was the first woman in 1926 to swim accross the English channel. She was a competitive swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder for swimming the channel in 14 hours and 39 minutes.
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Louis Armstrong
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This person was renown for his influence in Harlem music and music in general through his sining, trumpet playing, cornet playing, and lively performances. Growing up in a poverty stricken area in New Orleans often times without any parental figures, he acquired odd jobs around the area to help pay for his family and learned about music and horn playing from various teachers and learning by ear. He revolutionized music with his jazz solos, scat singing, and his incorporation of his personality in his performances. He crossed the barrier between blacks and whites as due to his unique personality and performances oftentimes knocking popular people (such as the Beetles) from the top charts.
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H.L. Menken
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This person was a journalist/writer ("debunker") who experienced disenchantment with modern America in the 1920s. He delighted in ridiculing religion, politics, arts, and even democracy. He wrote a satirical report on the Scopes Trial (dubbed "Monkey Trial"). He was a literary critic of the "The Smart Set" magazine and founded/edited "The American Mercury".
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Eugene O'Neill
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This person was an Irish immigrant who wrote poetic playwrights. He introduced an American drama technique of realism and wrote vernacular speeches about americans struggling to pursue hopes and dreams but ultimately failing to do so. Some of his works include "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Ah, Wilderness!", "Beyond the Horizon", "The Emporer Jones", "Anna Christie", and "The Iceman Cometh".
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Charles Lindbergh
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This man got instant fame after his famous solo non-stop flight in 1927 from NY to Paris in the plane named the "Spirit of St. Louis". He was the first to achieve the feat after 5 men. He was amazingly popular in France and the US. He flew there with only one sandwich to eat.
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Washington Naval Conference
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This was an effort to prevent a destabilizing naval armaments race between the US, Britain, and Japan during Hardings administation in 1921. During this, Hughes proposed a plan to reduce fleets of all three nations and a ten year stagnation in the construction of lardge warships. All agreed and the Five-Power Pact 1922 was signed and established limits for total naval tonnage and a ratio of armaments.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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This replaced Hughes plan in 1925 with a multilateral treaty outlawing war as an instrument of national policy. 48 nations joined after 14 nations signed the agreement in Paris 1928. It had no instruments of enforcement.
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Four-Power Pact
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This was called for by Mussolini to ensure better international security in 1933. Underleing motives include reducing the power of smaller states in the League of Nations and as an orderly way for major powers to operate.
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the Red Scare
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This occured because of fear of radicalism in 1919. The Bolshevic Revolution in Russa 1917 showed that communism had become the basis of an important regime. Concerns of this increased in 1919 when the Soviet government announced Communist International (Comintern) whose goal was to export revolution and spread communism around the world. Imagined radicals, though there was really just a modest number of radicals, in America spread alarm in the country because they were presumable responsible for a series of bombings in 1919. Several dozen parcels addressed to leading businessmen and politicians were triggered to explode when opened and two months later 8 bombs exploded in 8 cities around the same time suggesting a nationwide conspiracy.
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Palmer
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This attourney general on New Years Day 1920 reacted to the red scare by orchestrating raids throughout the country with his assistant Hoover. They raided alleged radical centers ultimately arresting 6000 people, most of which were ultimately released but about 500 who were illegal immigrants were deported.
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National Origins Act 1929 Quota System
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This restricted immigration tighter than the two past immigration acts. The first one in 1921 restricted a quota of 3% of any nationality and cut immigration to 300,000 a year. The next act in 1921 further banned immigration of east Asia entirely and reduced the european quota to 2%. Immigration would heavily favor northwestern Europeans. This act set the strictest restriction of 150,000 immigrants a year, although immigration officials seldom permitted even half of that number to actually enter the country.
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Sacco-Vanzetti
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During the red scare, these two italian immigrants in 1920 were charged with the murder of a paymaster in Massachussets. It was weak and full of nativist prejudices and fears but because both were confessed anarchists, they faced wide public presumption of guilt. They were eventually convicted guilty and sentenced to death. In 1927 amoung widespread protests in the US and around the world (including the Pope asking for their forgiveness), they died in the electric chair while still proclaming their innocence.
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J. Edgar Hoover
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This man worked with Palmer in the Palmer raids and was later the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). His work in the FBI included investigations and harrassing alleged radicals.
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Immigration Act 1921
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This was an emergency restriction on immigrants that established a quota system by which annual immigration from any country could not exceed 3% of the people of that nationality already in the US in 1910. This cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000.
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William J. Simmons
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This person revived the Ku Klux Klan in 1915 with a group of white southerners and modernized it. After the assumed murder of a female employee by a Jewish factory manager in Georgia, nativist passions swelled in Georgia and around the nation (the women was actually killed by the janitor). D.W. Griffoth's film "The Birth of a Nation" glorified the early Klan and inspired this man and other whites to revive it.
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Langston Hughes
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This person was a renown poet in Harlem. He graduated from Lincoln university in 1929. He wrote "The Crisis", "Mother to Son", and many others. He emphasized the black experience.
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James Weldon Johnson
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This person was the first black to be president of the NAACP in 1920. He promoted work from black authors during Harlem and advocated for black rights resisting racial violence until his death. He was an author, politicia, diplomat, poet, journalist, and early civil rights activist.
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Zora Neale Hurston
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This person was a woman author during Harlem. She researched anthropology in the Caribbean and American South and wrote "Tell My Horse" using her findings. Her most famous work was "Their Eyes Were Watching God", a book about black experiences.
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Countee Cullen
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This person was a leading figure and known poet in Harlem. He graduated from NYU and Harvard in the 1920s. He was an editor for "Opportunity" magazine. Although he claimed poems were raceless, his poems in "The Black Christ" was.
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Universal Negro Improvement Association
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This association was created by Marcus Garvey in his beliefs. It launched a chain of black owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses. It indeed did lead to numberous auxiliary stores such the african black cross nurses, the black eagly flying corps, the black star steamship line, and the negro factories corporation.
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NAACP
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Originally created in 1905 by DuBois and sympathetic white progressives, this association urged blacks to demand government protection against the 1919 riots and also to defend themselves against them.
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Scottsboro Boys
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Due to traditional patterns of segregation, in 1931 nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in Alabama and werearrested for vagrancy and disorder. Two white women later accused them of rape and although there was overwhelming evidence (medical and others) that they weren't, Alabama quickly convicted all of them and 8 were sentenced to death. The supreme Court in 1932 overruled the convictions and the International Labor Defence along with the Communist Party supported the youths and piblicized the case. All eventually gained freedom although the last defendant didnt leave prison until 1950.
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League of Women Voters
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Women in the 1920s were still highly dependent on men and relatively powerless, although actions were being taken against that significantly by Alice Paul. This organization organized auxiliaries in both the Democratic and Repulican Parties. Female-dominated consumer groups grew rapidly and increased the range and energy of their efforts.
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Sheppard-Towner Act
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This was a breif triumph in 1921 for women activists. It provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health care programs. This, however, produced controvery as Alice Paul and her supporters believed it as classifying all women as mothers. More importantly, the American Medical Association fought against this warning that it would introduced untrained outsiders in the health care field. In 1919 Congress terminated the program.
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Alice Paul
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This person was the leader of the National Women's Party. she attempted to fight powerlessness through campainging for the Equal Rights Amendment which had little support from Congress. She also defied the Sheppard-Towner Act in 1921 saying that it classified all women as mothers .
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Margaret Sanger
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Due to the changes in values for many middle-class women, sex had become an important and pleasurable experience to accumulate romantic love. This person promoted the American birth-control movement. She promoted diaphragm and other birth control devices out of concern for working class women. She believed that large families was a major cause of poverty and distress in poor communities. Although she effectively persuaded middle-class women to see the benefit of, some birth control devices remained illigal in many states and abortion remained illegal nearly everywhere.
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fundamentalism
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This was part of a cultural controversy in the 1920s. These poeple insisted the Bible was to be interpreted literally and opposed the teachings of Darwin whose theory of evolution had openly challenged the biblical story of Creation.
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Clarence Darrow
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This person was a famous attourney sent to defend scopes against William Jennings Bryan. Prohibited from using science in his defense, this person crossed examined Bryan and made Bryan's defense of biblical truth appear foolish and maneuvered Bryan to admit the possibility that not all religious dogma was subject to only one interpretation. An important vitory for modernists although Bryan won the suit.
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speakeasy
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This was a way to get into illegal bars during Prohibition. People had to say certain passwords to be admitted. Some of these were run by women and the drinks served typically had high alcoholic content because it was easier to smuggle.
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McNary-Haugen Bill
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This bill from 1924-1928 sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing hte government to buy surpluses and sell them abroad. Government losses were to be made up by a special tax on farmers. It was passed by Congress twice and vetoed by Collidge twice.
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Prohibition
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In 1920 this was the ban of the sale and manufacture of alcohol. Although it reduced drinking in most parts of the country, it also produced conspicuous and growing violations. Soon it was almost easy to acquire legal alcohol and organized crime took over the lucrative industry.
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Bill Tilden
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This person was a famous tennis player, oftentimes considered one of the greatest of all time. During the increased amount of popularity focused on sports in the 1920s, this man was one of the six dominant figures of the "Golden Age of Sport" along with Babe Ruth, Howie Morenz, Red Grange, Bobby Jones, and Jack Dempsey. He was the world number 1 player for 7 yrs, won 15 majors, 10 grand slams, the 1921 world hard court championships, and 4 pro slams. He was also seen acting in movies and plays although he had two arrests for sexual misbehavior with teenage boys in the late 1940s in LA.
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Ohio Gang
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During Harding's presidency, he appointed people in this group to fill important offices throughout the administration. Daughtery, Fall, and many others in this organization were envolved in fraud and corruption. The most well-known scandal happened when Fall urged Harding to transfer control of the naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome (WY) and Elk Hills (HA) from the Naval Department to the Interior Department. Falls then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and recieved about 1/2 mill$ in loans to ease his private financial troubles. Fall was ultimately convicted of bribery and sentenced to a year in prison.
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Dawes Plan 1924
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This plan was implemented by the US after WWI. Britain and France had accumulated debts to the US and so urged Germany to pay for reparations. Germany, in a state of crisis after the war, printed off large amounts of marks which led to inflation. The US seeing the problem created this plan to invest in private loans to Germany to help them pay reparations to Britain and France so that the Allies could repay war debts owed to the US.
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Harry Daughtery
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This person was part of the Ohio Gang and a corrupt man who served as Attourney General of the US during Harding and Coolidge admistrations. He was accused as an accomplice of the Teapot Dome affair with Fall.
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Teapot Dome
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This scandal during Hardings presidency in the 1920s involved Daughtery and Fall. Fall had convinced Harding to transfer control of the naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome (WY) and Elk Hills (CA) from the Navy Department to the Interior Department. Fall then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and recieved about 1/2 mill$ in loans to ease his financial troubles.
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18th amendment
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This amend was ratified in 1917 with the help of conservative Christians opposing on moral and religious grounds. It was then repealed in 1933 after the Great Depression. It did reduce drinking but produced conscpicuous and growing violations as organized crime took over the lucrative and enormous industry. Protestants defened it as it represented an older America trying to protect traditional notions of morality in contract to the new culture of the modern city and Catholic immigrants.
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19th amendment
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This amend was ratified in 1920 after almost a century of hard work of many suffrages such as Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie Catt, Susan Anthony, and many others. This gave political rights to women throughout the nation and the right to vote. They challenged views that society required distinct spheres in which women would serve first and foremost as wives and mothers. This was often assiciated with divorce, promiscuity, and neglect of children. However it did gain strength in the argument that women would bring their special and distinct virtues to benefit politic. Some arguments include women being the largest supporters of temperance, bringing their special experiences and sensitivities to public life, and that their maternal instincts/calming/peaceful influences would curb the natural belligerence of men and prevent war/conflict.
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20th amendment
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This amend was ratified in 1933 to establish the beginning and end of presidential terms, sucession, and in case of death. It stated that the term of president and vice president would end on 1/20 and senator/representative terms would end on 1/3. The vice president should act as president if the president should die, not have been chosen, or has failed to qualify. The house may choose the president and the senate may choose the vice president if the right to choose falls on them.
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21st amendment
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This amend was ratified in 1933 soon after Roosevelt signed a bill to legalize the manufactor and sale of beer witha 3.2 percent alcohol content. It repealed the 18th amendment and allowed the transportation and importation of unless it violated laws.
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Andrew Mellon
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This person was Secretary of Treasury under President Coolidge. He was a wealthy steel and aluminum tycoon who worked to achieve substantial reductions in taxes on corporal profits, personal incomes, and inheritances. He also worked closely with President Coolidge after 1924 on a series of measures to trim dramatically the already modest federal budget and even managed to retire half of the nation's WWI debt.
