Apologia Biology Module 5 Study Guide – Flashcards

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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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Model
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an explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen
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Element
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a collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons
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Molecules
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chemicals that result from atoms linking together
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Physical change
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a change that affects the appearance, but not the chemical make up of a substance
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Chemical change
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a change that alters the make up of the elements or molecules of a substance
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Phase
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one of three forms - solid, liquid, or gas - which every substance is capable of attaining
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Diffusion
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the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Concentration
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a measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
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Semipermeable membrane
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a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through, but does not allow other molecules to pass through
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osmosis
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the tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration
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catalyst
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a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process
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organic molecule
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a molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous
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biosynthesis
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the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones
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isomers
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two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
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monosaccharides
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simple carbohydrates that contain 3-10 carbon atoms (simple sugars)
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disaccharides
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carbohydrates that are made up of 2 monosaccharides
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polysaccharides
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carbohydrates that are made up of more than 2 monosaccharides
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dehydration reaction
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a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
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hydrolysis
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breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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hydrophobic
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lacking any affinity to water
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saturated fat
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a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
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unsaturated fat
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a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
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peptide bond
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a bond that links amino acids together in a protein
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hydrogen bond
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a strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules
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Describe where protons are in an atom.
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in the nucleus, the center of the atom
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Describe where neutrons are in an atom.
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in the nucleus, the center of the atom
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Describe where electrons are in an atom.
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in an orbit outside of the nucleus
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What determines the vast majority of characteristics in an atom?
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its number of electrons
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What does the number after an atom's name signify?
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the individual atom - protons + neutrons
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What is the difference between an element and an atom?
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an atom is singular and an element is multiple atoms
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How many electrons are in an atom that has 32 protons?
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32 electrons
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How many atoms (total) are in a molecule of C₃H₈O?
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12
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What atoms are present in C₃H₈O and how many of each atom?
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Carbon - 3 Hydrogen - 8 Oxygen - 1
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Identify the following as an atom, element, or molecule: H₂CO₃
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molecule
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Identify the following as an atom, element, or molecule: nitrogen-14
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atom
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Identify the following as an atom, element, or molecule: P
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element
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If you add energy to the molecules of a liquid, will it turn into a gas or a solid?
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gas
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A chemist wants to study diffusion. Should a semipermeable membrane be used?
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no
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Two solutions of different solute concetrations are separated by a membrane. After a while, the water levels of the two solutions change. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place? What kind of membrane is being used?
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osmosis - semipermeable
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Consider the following chemical reaction: N₂ ⁺ 3H₂ → 2NH₃ What are the reactants?
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N₂ ⁺ 3H₂
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Consider the following chemical reaction: N₂ ⁺ 3H₂ → 2NH₃ What are the products?
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2NH₃
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Consider the following chemical reaction: N₂ ⁺ 3H₂ → 2NH₃ How many molecules of H₂ are used in the reaction?
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3
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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6Co₂ ⁺ 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ ⁺ 6O₂
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What four things are necessary for a plant to carry out photosynthesis?
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sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll
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Other than using a catalyst, how can a reaction be sped up?
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increase temperature
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Which of the following is a carbohydrate? a) NH₃ b) CO₂ c) C₂H₄O d) C₅H₁₀O₅ e) C₃H₈O₃
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C₅H₁₀O₅
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What kind of reaction is used for building disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins?
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dehydration
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What kind of reaction is used for breaking down disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins?
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hydrolysis
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Describe the pH scale and what it measures?
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a scale from 0-14 which measures acids and bases
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What are the basic building blocks of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides?
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proteins - amino acids lipids - 3 fatty acids and glycerol polysaccharides - monosaccharides
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It two proteins contain the same type and number of amino acids, but the order in which they link up is different, are the properties of the two proteins the same?
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no
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What are enzymes?
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a special class of proteins that act as a catalyst
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For what purpose are enzymes usually used?
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catalysts for the hydrolysis reactions
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What is the "lock and key" theory of enzyme action?
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specific enzymes have a shape that fits specific proteins
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What are the basic parts of a nucleotide?
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deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nucleotide base
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How does DNA store information?
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sequence of nucleotide bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
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What holds the two helixes in a DNA molecule together?
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hydrogen bond
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Abbreviation for carbon
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C
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Abbreviation for hydrogen
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H
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Abbreviation for oxygen
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O
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Abbreviation for nitrogen
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N
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Abbreviation for phosphorus
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P
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Abbreviation for sulfur
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S
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