APES 3 – Flashcards

stationary plume in the mantle, plate moves over creating a chain of islands only the last one is directly over the hotspot and active, all others are extinct, can be used to track plate motions, current locations - Hawaii and Iceland

an ecological region that has lost more than 70% of its original habitat

high diversity of endemic species, and significant haitat impact and alteration from human activities

sice plants provide food and shelter for other species

25 biodiversity hotspots, containing 44% of all plant species in roughly 1% of the planet's land area, were listed.

endemic species because of their Separation from land, ragile because they are rarely exposed to outside influences, examples are Caribbean and the Philippines

endemic species

how fragile an endemic species is.

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, the philippines, sundaland, the Atlantic Forest, and the Caribbean. These five hotspots have the most unique biodiversity and are at extreme risk of losing it without immediate and effective conservation

information is being collected, biological evaluations are being made in little-inderstood land, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. Teams of international and regional biologists are performing hotspot assessments. Field station networks of all the world's main tropical areas are being set up to monitor biodiversity

exucating at a local and national level, Governmental policies and awareness programs, with improved business practices to protect against ongoing biodiversity lost, creating protected areas and conservation regions, and improving the administration of over 55 million acres of parks and protected ares in hotspots and wilderness areas are crucial to ensuring continued biodiversity. Stopping global climate change because of its effects on the range of species

cancer and emphysem keys to research.

When environmentalists make observations, take measurements directly, or collect samples

When environmentalists make observations, take measurements directly, or collect samples

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

remote sensing

ASTER, is a remote sensing instrument. data used to draw detailed maps of land surface temperature, reflectance, and elevation.

a satellite launched in 1999 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS)

NASA's Earth Observing System

20,000

Loss of habitat

land and marine areas

rainfall and climate

is a complex community of plants' animals' and microorganisms linked by energy and nutrient flows that interact together and with their environment

ecological niche.

hydrosphere, crust, and atmosphere. It is located above the deeper layers of the Earth

bottleneck effect

founder effect

camouflage and mimicry

Movement of particular form of matter through the living/non-living parts of an ecosystem.

a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, but recycled through natural cycles

the period of time spent in a particular place

10 years

6,000 years

hours to weeks.

400 million years.

is made up of carbon-containing material from living or nonliving material and includes the organic parts of soil

Habitats that serve to trap or otherwise remove chemicals such as plant nutrients, organic pollutants, or metal ions through natural processes. carbon exchanges take place

carbon moves between rocks and minerals, seawater, and the atmosphere through weathering. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water and minerals to form calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate rock (limestone) is dissolved by rainwater through erosion and then carried to the oceans. There, it settles out of the ocean water, forming sedimentary layers on the sea floor. Then, through plate tectonics, these sediments are subducted underneath the continents. With the extreme heat and pressure deep beneath the Earth's surface, the limestone melts and reacts with other minerals, freeing carbon dioxide. This carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide during volcanic eruptions, completing the carbon cycle.

atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over geological time.

-photosynthesis -respiration -transpiration -carbon flux...human activity...uses parts of the geological carbon cycle - fossil fuels -dead things, that were once living(biology) go into geological carbon cycle

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches, part of the biological carbon cycle

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules, part of the biological carbon cycle

creation of sugars and carbohydrates from photosynthesis and the metabolism (respiration) of those sugars to support biological growth and reproduction

plants absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight to make glucose and other sugars (carbohydrates) to build cellular structures

1000

coal and oil deposits.

a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone

Organic molecules in living and ded organisms found in the biosphere, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Organic matter in soils, Fossil fuels in the lithosphere, sedimentary rock (limestone, dolomite, and chalk), Dissolved atomspheric carbon dioxide in the oceans, In the calcium carbonate of marine creatures' shells

50

The carbon in CO2 is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis, then into animals by consuming organisms, and returned to the air as CO2 from respiration. Cellular carbon is returned to the soil through waste and dead organism decay.

580 to 800 -Quantity (billions of metric tons)

1,500 to 1,600 -Quantity (billions of metric tons)

38,000 to 40,000 -Quantity (billions of metric tons)

66,000,000 to 100,000,000 -Quantity (billions of metric tons)

540 to 610-Quantity (billions of metric tons)

4,000 -Quantity (billions of metric tons)

fossil fuels + land use changes - ocean uptake - unknown carbon deposit

3.4

Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3 Sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide react when molten to form sodium silicate and carbon dioxide

water that contains salts (as calcium and magnesium ions) that limit the formation of lather with soap

In the aquatic environment, calcium and magnesium help keep fish from absorbing metals like lead, arsenic, and calcium into the bloodstream through their gills. Therefore, the harder the water, the less potential for toxic metals to be absorbed by fish. In seawater, calcium concentrations are 100 to 1,000 times higher than land levels, and even greater concentrations are found in deeper, colder waters with little circulation.

biomineralization

the dividing line separating an area where calcium carbonate dissolves and accumulates

Calcium, it is then stored in the leaves and woody plant parts until it decays, is burned, or is consumed by an animal.

oxidized by lightning and mixed with water. This falls and is converted into nitrates. Plants take up nitrates and form proteins.

by lighting or nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Ammonia

A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)

the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

cycle that is an important major builder of sedimentary rocks. Serves as structural element for skeleton building in organisms. Ca as a metal has no gaseous phase therefore atmospheric cycling is minimal, mainly through dust particles.

An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels.

Heterotrophs; derive energy from consuming other organisms

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

step in the movement of energy through an ecosystem; an organism's feeding status in an ecosystem.

an organism that feeds on the dead bodies of other organisms.

organisms that feed on the detritus and decomposing organic material of living organisms

organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment

diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells

an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element

The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.

The chemical and physical reactions by which sulfur moves into or out of storage and through the environment.

The phosphorus cycle starts when the mineral leaches from rocks over a long time period, that is then taken in producers, combined in organic molecules, and ultimately ingested by consumers

Through the decomposition of the organic matter, the phosphorus washes into rivers and eventually makes its way to the sea where deep ocean sediments hold a significant amount of phosphorus.

rock and such minerals as iron disulfate (iron pyrite) or calcium sulfate (gypsum)

by weathering, gases from seafloor vents, and volcanism.

oxidation states, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate ion (SO4-2), and elemental sulfur.

the condition of an atom expressed by the number of electrons that the atom needs to reach its elemental form

health problems, damage buildings and plants, and reduce atmospheric visibility

sulfur bacteria

any of a diverse group of microorganisms capable of metabolizing sulfur and its compounds and important in the sulfur cycle in nature. Some of the common sulfur substances that are used by these bacteria as an energy source are hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and thiosulfate (S2O3-2) The final product of sulfur oxidation is sulfate (SO4/2-)

pH, light, temperature, and oxygen concentrations

includes all the water in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface.

made up of all water movement and storage throughout the Earth's hydrosphere

condensation, precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration.

the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state

the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)

the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature, the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants

absorption by plants, evaporation from the sun's heating, storage in the upper levels of soil, storage as groundwater deep in the Earth, Storage in glaciers and polar regions, storage or transport in springs, streams, rivers, and lakes, storage in the oceans.

it resides in a water reservoir

loss of water from a land area through transpiration of plants and evaporation from the soil and surface water.

during times of high temperatures, wind, dry air, and sunshine.

4 for ocean and 1 for inland water and plant transpiration

100

a shift of temperatures

in the atmosphere when warm air rises and then cools and loses its ability to cling to water vapor, as a result extra water condenses to form cloud droplets.

topography

mountain topography changes wind patterns, which change precipitation patterns. A rain shadow occurs when warm, moist air is forced to rise over high mountain passages, where it cools and condenses into rainfall. Dry air continues on over the mountain passages.

1-millimeter of rainfall, whereas he amount of moisture in the atmosphere is usually 10 to 50 times greater.

Transpiration, when exhaling carbon dioxide and used air, you also release water vapor and heat. Your warm, moist exhalation on a frosty winter morning becomes a small cloud of water vapor.

the air-scrubbing capability of the hydrologic cycle.

10

5 to 10 , air-scrubbing while they do this

6,000 years

the land is a supplier or reservoir of atmospheric carbon.

Earth's atmosphere, fossil fuels, oceans, soil, and plant life of terrestrial ecosystems

it is known as a geochemical cycle.

the average amount of time a chemical element (e.g., carbon calcium, or phosphorus) spends in a geological reservoir or cycle.

79% of the atmosphere, and all life on Earth requires nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., proteins) to survive

phosphorus is important in energy-transfer reaction