AP World History vocab ch 6, 7, & 8 – Flashcards
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Bedouin
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def: Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula sig: occupied the uninhabitable desert zones
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Shaykhas
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def: Leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society sig: elected leader that usually had a great number of family members in the tribe
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Mecca
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def: city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arab. Peninsula sig: contained the Ka'ba, a major religious shrine for Muslims
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Umayyad
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def: clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca sig: founded Mecca
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Quraysh
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def:tribes of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE sig: dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca
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Ka'ba
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def: most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia sig: location for Islamic Hajj or pilgrimage
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Muhammad
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def: b.circa 570 ce to Banu Hashin clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca sig: Prophet of Islam
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Khadijah
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def: first wife of the Prophet Muhammad sig: as a trader, exposed Muhammad to the world beyond Arabia
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Qu'ran
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def: recitations of revelations received by Muhammad sig: Holy Book of Islam
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Ali
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def: cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad sig: Muslim political leader and brought in new followers
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umma
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def: community of the faithful within Islam sig: made possible a degree of political unity between tribes
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zakat
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def: Islamic tax for charity sig: made lower classes more equal to upper classes
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Five Pillars of Islam
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def: the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat and hajj sig: universally appealing and brought in new followers
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Ramadan
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def: Islamic month of religious observance: fasting required from dawn to sunset sig: allows the faithful to demonstrate their fervor
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hajj
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def: Muslim pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca sig: allows Muslims to worship Allah at the Ka'ba
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caliph
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def: political and religious successor to Muhammad sig: made important decisions for Islamic society
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Abu Bakr
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def: one of Muhammad's earliest converts sig: succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph; stabilized rivalries between Bedouin tribes
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Ridda Wars
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def: wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632 sig: brought down rival prophets and restored unity to Islam
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jihad
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def: wars in defense of faith sig: forcibly spread the Muslim faith
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Copts
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def: Christian sect of Egypt sig: tended to support Islamic invasions of areas in preference to Byzantine rule
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Nestorians
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def: a Christian sect found in Asia sig: tended to support Islamic invasions of areas in preference to Byzantine rule
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Uthman
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def: third caliph and member of Umayyad clan sig: Uthman's death was a signal to supporters of Ali to proclaim him as caliph
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Battle of Siffin
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def: fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads sig: ended by Ali's plea for meditation
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Mu'awiya
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def: leader of Umayyad clan sig: first Umayyad caliph following the civil war with Ali
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Sunnis
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def: political and theological division within Islam sig: supporters of the Umayyads
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Shi'a
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def: political and theological division within Islam sig: followers of Ali
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Karbala
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def: site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali sig: marked beginning of Shi'a resistance against Umayyad caliphate
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Damascus
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def: Syrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate sig: from this Umayyad caliphates strove to build a binding bureaucracy
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mawali
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def: non-Arab converts to Islam sig: grew Islam empire
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jizya
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def: Head tax payed by all non-believers in Islamic territories sig: had very low opportunities in life there, inspired people to join Islam
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dhimmi
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def: "people of the book" term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories sig: used as a symbol to separate Islam from many other religions
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hadiths
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def: traditions of the prophet sig: played a critical role in Islamic law and ritual
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Abbasid
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def: dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam sig: formed alliances with dissident groups in resistance to the Umayyads
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Battle of the River Zab
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def: the Abbasid forces faced an army led by the Umayyad caliph himself sig: resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital
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Baghdad
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def: capital of Abbasid dynasty sig: helped expand to an even greater empire
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wazir
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def: chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliph sig:
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dhows
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def: Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails sig: carried good from one civilized core to be exchanged with those of another
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ayan
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def: the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule sig: provided work and crops to harvest
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lateen
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def: triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms sig: allowed the dhow ships to move across the water by use of the wind
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al-Mahdi
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def: third of the Abbasid caliphs sig: failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to solve problem of succession
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Harun al-Rashid
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def: one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era sig: preformed his caliph "duties" in a very preferred way
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Buyids
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def: regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century sig: invaded heartlands of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad
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Seljuk Turks
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def: nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia sig: ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century
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Crusades
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def: military adventures launched by Christians to claim the holy-land from Muslims sig: reunited Islam against this foreign threat
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Saladin
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def: Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century sig: reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam
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Ibn Khaldun
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def: Muslim historian sig: developed the concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations
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ulama
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def: orthodox religious scholars within Islam sig: increasingly opposed non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking
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al-Ghazali
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def: brilliant Islamic theologian sig: struggled to fuse the Greek and Qur'anic traditions
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Mongols
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def: central Asian nomadic peoples sig: captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph
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Chinggis Khan
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def: elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206 sig: responsible for conquests of northern kingdoms in China
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Hulegu
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def: ruler of Ilkhan khanate sig: responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257
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Mamluks
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def: Muslim slave warriors sig: defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260
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Muhammad ibn Qasim
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def: Arab general sig: conquered Sind in India
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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def: third ruler of Turkish slave dynasties in Afghanistan sig: led invasion of northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression
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Muhammad of Ghur
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def: military commander of Persian extraction sig: began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India
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Qutb-ud-din Aibak
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def: lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur sig: established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi
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bhaktic cults
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def: Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses sig: stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess of their veneration
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Mira Bai
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def: celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry sig: reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women
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Kabir
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def: Muslim mystic sig: played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam
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Shrivijaya
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def: trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra sig: controlled trade of empire
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Malacca
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def: Portuguese factory for fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula sig: traditionally a center for trade in south eastern islands
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Demak
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def: most powerful of trading states on north coast of Java sig: converted to Islam and served as a point for dissemination to other ports
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stateless societies
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def: African societies organized around kinship sig: provided a form of government for stateless societies
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Ifriqiya
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def: the Arabic term for eastern north Africa sig: way to say eastern north Africa
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Maghrib
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def: the Arabic word for western north Africa sig: way to say western north Africa
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Almohadis
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def: a reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa sig: penetrated Islam into sub-Saharan Africa
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juula
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def: Malinke merchants sig: formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire
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Sundiata
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def: the "Lion Prince"; member of the Keita clan sig: created a unified state that became the Mali Empire
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griots
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def: professional oral historians sig: served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali Empire
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Ibn Batuta
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def: Arab traveler sig: described African societies and cultures in his travel records
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Timbuktu
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def: port city of Mali sig: contained a library and university
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Songhay
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def: successor state to Mali sig: formed an independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty
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Muhammad the Great
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def: Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century sig: extended boundaries of Songhay Empire
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Hausa
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def: peoples of northern Nigeria sig: formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions
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Sharia
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def: Islamic law sig: kept knowledge of Islamic law
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Zenj
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def: Arabic term for east African coast sig: way to say east African coast
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demography
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def: the study of population sig: valued tool in historical inquiry
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demographic transition
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def: shift to low birthrate sig: decreased the growth rate of overall population
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Benin
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def: Powerful city state connected with the Portuguese in 1485 sig: important commercial and political entity until the 19th century
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Kongo
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def: kingdom based on agriculture sig: capital at Mbanza Kongo
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Great Zimbabwe
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def: Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples sig: created centralized state by 15th century
