AP World History Chapter 31 – Flashcards
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
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A caudillo who from 1835-1852 ruled an Argentina badly divided. He used his skills to subdue other caudillos and establish control in Buenos Aires. Then he called for regional autonomy, but he worked to centralize the government he usurped. Although he did quell rebellions, he did it in a bloody fashion, and for that he is ridiculed.
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Porfirio Diaz
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a dictorial general that ruled Mexico in 1876-1911; he made the most notable attempt to encourage industrialization; under his rule, railroad tracks and telegraph lines connected all parts of Mexico, and the production of mineral resources surged; middle-class Mexicans joined with peasants and workers to overthrow him in the Mexican revolution (1911-1920)
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Emiliano Zapata
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lived 1879-1919; a revolutionary leader, charismatic agrarian rebel, and the son of a mestizo peasant; he and Francisco Villa organized massive armies fighting for land and liberty; they embodied the ideals and aspirations of the indigenous Mexican masses and enjoyed tremendous popular support; Zapata confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants
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Louis Riel
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lived 1844-1885; he emerged as the leader of the métis and indigenous peoples of western Canada; he assumed the presidency of a provisional government in 1870; he led his troops in capturing Fort Garry; in 1885, he organized a military force of métis and native peoples and led the Northwest Rebellion; government authorities executed him for treason
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Louisiana Purchase
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occurred in 1803 when Napoleon Bonaparte needed funds immediately to protect revolutionary France from its enemies, allowing the United States to purchase France's Louisiana Territory (from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains), doubling the size of the United States
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Manifest Destiny
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term that Americans spoke of claiming to occupy all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
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The Trail of Tears
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1838-1839; the distressing 800-mile migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma by the Cherokees; thousands of Cherokees died from disease, starvation, and relocation difficulties
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Mexican-American War
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1846-1848; ultimately caused by the decision of the United States to consolidate its hold on Texas, against vigorous Mexican protest; US forces inflicted a punishing defeat on the Mexican army
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Emancipation Proclamation
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signed by Abraham Lincoln on the 1st of January 1863; it made the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the US Civil War
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Dawes Act
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also the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; it shifted land policies away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farms once common in white US society
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Caudillos
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regional military leaders; division and discord in the newly independent states helped them come to power in much of Latin America
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La Reforma (of the 1850s)
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a liberal reform movement that aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic church in Mexican society; its ideals were set forth by the Constitution of 1857; it guaranteed universal male suffrage and other civil liberties like freedom of speech
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Northwest Rebellion
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an insurrection led by Louis Riel with a military force of métis and native peoples; it did not turn out successful when Canadian forces subdued the makeshift army
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Gauchos
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Argentinean cowboys known for their bravery and independence; most of them were mestizos or castizos; gaucho society acquired an ethnic egalitarianism (social equality)
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Golondrinas
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"swallows"; relates to the Italian workers that settled permanently in Latin America; they regularly migrated between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres
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Edmund Cartwright
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a clergyman responsible for creating a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving (from Chapter 30)
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