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(1483-1546) an obscure German monk who posed a challenge to the Roman Catholic Church. He got expelled from the church, but he still considered himself christian. He attacked the sale of indulgences as an individual, but he soon attracted enthusiastic support from others who resented the policies of the Roman church. He was a prolific and talented writer.

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Martin Luther

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It was a document. It was very popular.

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95 Theses

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(1632-1704) He was an english philosopher. He worked to discover natural laws of politics.

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John Locke

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Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), author of Candide.

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Voltaire

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He was the king of england. Roman Catholic and he beheaded his most of his wives for stupid reasons. He wanted to divorce one of his wives for not bearing a baby boy, but a girl and the pope didn't let him so he didn't divorce him, but he hated the pope for that reason. He didn't like Martin Luther and his teachings and he wrote a pamphlet about him. He created the reformation parliament.

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Henry VII

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(1491-1556) He was the founder of the society of jesus. He was a basque nobleman and soldier who in 1521 suffered a devastating leg wound that ended his military career. While recuperating he read spiritual works and popular accounts of saints' lives, and he resolved to put his energy into religious work.

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St. Ignatius Loyala

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He was a king of Spain (reigned 1556-1598) attempted to force England to return to the Roman Catholic Church by sending the Spanish Armada. 1567 he sent an army to tighten his control over the provinces and to suppress the Calvinist movement there.

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Philip II

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He was a Scottish philosopher turned his attention to economic affairs and held that laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace.

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Adam Smith

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French lawyer (1509-1564), who in the 1530s converted to Protestant Christianity. In Geneva he organized a Protestant community and worked with local officials to impose a strict code of morality and discipline on the city. He created the Institutes of the Christian Religion.

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John Calvin

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Spanish Armada was to dethrone the protestant queen _________.

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Elizabeth I

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apart new monarch. He was apart of france king.

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Francis I

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The holy roman emperor. He was a devout Roman Catholic, summoned Luther to an assembly of imperial authorities and demanded that he recant his views.

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Charles V

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Most important of the Romanov tsars. He reigned 1682-1725, widely known as Peter I, who inaugurated a thoroughgoing process of state transformation. He had a burning desire to make Russia, a huge but underpopulated land, into a great military power like those that had recently emerged in Western Europe lands.

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Peter the Great

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Known as Catherine II (reigned 1762-1796) She wanted Russia have great power. She worked to improve governmental efficiency by dividing her vast empire into 50 administrative provinces.

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Catherine the Great

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they founded the spanish inquisition in 1478, and they obtained papal license to operate the institution as a royal agency.

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Fernando and Isabel

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He served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624 to 1642. He worked systematically to undermine the power of the nobility and enhance the authority of the king. He destroyed nobles' castles and ruthlessly crushed aristocratic conspiracies. He built a large bureaucracy staffed by commoners loyal to the king.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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(reigned 1643-1715) a ruler who best epitomized royal absolutism. He once reportedly declared that he was himself the state: "l'etat, c'est moi." Known as le roi soleil ("the sun king"), Louis surrounded himself with splendor befitting one who ruled by divine right.

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Louis XIV

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He was a Polish astronomer and in 1543 he published a treatise, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, that broke with Ptolemaic theory and pointed European science in a new direction. He argued that the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that the plants, including the earth, revolved around the sun.

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Nicolas Copernicus

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(1571-1630) demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular as in Ptolemaic theory.

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Johannes Kepler

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(1564-1642) showed that the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed but, rather, a world of change, flux, and many previously unsuspected sights. He took the telescope turned it skyward, and reported observations that astonished his contemporaries.

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Galileo Galilei

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He was a english mathematician (1624-1727). He depended on accurate observation and mathematical reasoning to construct a powerful synthesis of astronomy and mechanics. Created a book called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. He argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe, and he offered precise mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movements of bodies on the earth.

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Isaac Newton

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He is known as Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755), sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state.

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Montesquieu

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They protested against the established order-organized movements also in France, England, the Low Countries, and even Italy and Spain. (Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church.)

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Protestant (reformation)

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John calvin created this influential treatise. First published in 1536 and frequently reprinted with revisions, that codified Protestant teachings and presented them as a coherent and organized package.

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

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Two institutions were especially important for defining the Catholic reformation and advancing its goals. the ________ ___________ and the society of jesus. An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials who met intermittently between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform. The focused on works of the 13th century scholastic theologian St. Thomas Aquinas. The council demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality, and it required them to establish schools and seminaries in their districts to prepare priests properly for their roles.

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The Council of Trent

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In england a reformation took place for frankly political as well as religious reasons.

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English Reformation

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Martin Luther cause benefited enormously from the _________ _____, which had first appeared in Europe in the mid-fifteenth century.

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Printing Press

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St. Ignatius Loyola founded this society. They went on the offensive and sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman church. Members of the society were called Jesuits, completed a rigorous and advanced education. They made wonderfully effective missionaries. They made converts from India, China, Japan, the Philippines, and the Americas, thus making Christianity a genuinely global religion.

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Society of Jesus

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110,000 individuals underwent trial as suspected witches during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and about 45,000 of them died either by hanging or by burning at the stake. They either imprisoned them or excommunicated them.

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Witch hunts

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A huge flotilla consisting of 130 ships and 30,000 men to dethrone the Protestant Queen Elizabeth.

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Spanish Armada

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(1618-1648) The war opened after the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church, and the main battleground was the emperor's territory in Germany. The problem that started the war was either political and or economic, but also religious differences. It was the most destructive war before the 20th century.

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Thirty Years' War

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the most distinctive institution that relied on religious justifications to advance state ends. Its original task was to ferret out those who secretly practiced Judaism or Islam, but Charles V charged it with responsibility also for detecting Protestant heresy in Spain

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Spanish Inquisition

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This ended the Thirty Years' War. It laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states. It entrusted political and diplomatic affairs to states acting in their own interests.

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Peace of Westphalia

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These shifting alliances illustrate the principal foundation of European diplomacy in early times. It was risky business: it was always possible that a coalition might repress one strong state only to open the door for another.

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Balance of Power

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Reliance on observation and mathematics transformed the study of the natural world and brought about the __________ __________.

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Scientific Revolution

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Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the pre-eminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific revolution.

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Age of Enlightenment

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It became a center of religious dissent, which by the late 1520s had spread through much of germany and switzerland.

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Wittenberg

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