AP World History Ch. 34-36 Vocab – Flashcards

The principle or advocacy of the union of all Slavs or all Slavic peoples in one political organization.

A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Term made popular in World War I and World War II for the civilian "front" that was symbolic of the greater demands of total war.

The city of St.Petersburg; the city where the Russian Revolution started. From here the military would join the workers revolt and overthrow the tsar of Russia.

The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; appealed to the soldiers; appealed to the peasants; and appealed to the workers.

A British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.

Pre-World War I alliance of England, France, and Russia.

The last tsar to rule Russia. He was overthrown due to the starvation and oppression he put the Russian people through

Disputed ground between the front lines or trenches of two opposing armies.

He was a Russian revolutionary, a communist politician, the main leader of the October Revolution, the first head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1922, the first de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He was the creator of Leninism, an extension of Marxist theory.

The democratic government founded in Germany following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication near the end of War World I. It continued in name until 1945, but actually ended with Hitler's seizure of dictatorial powers in 1933.

A doctrine, created by Woodrow Wilson after WWI, that had ideas on how the world could achieve lasting world peace.

Forerunner of the United Nations, the dream of American president Woodrow Wilson, although its potential was severely limited by the refusal of the United States to join.

Belief popular in WWI and after that every people should have the right to determine their own political destiny; the belief was often cited but ignored by the Great Powers.

Intended to ensure German victory over a Franco-Russian alliance by holding off Russia with minimal strength and swiftly defeating France by a massive flanking movement through the Low Countries.

The area of WWI fought between Germany, France, and Belgium. After an initial invasion of France by Germany it resulted in a stalemate lasting the entire war at the River of Marne.

A battle in World War I (1916), France vs. Germany, France led by Nivelle. Poorly defended, Germans lost, lost 700,000 men; a fortress city in NE France, on the Meuse River. A German offensive was stopped here in 1916 in the bloodiest fighting of World War I.

Russian communist party headed by Lenin.

In April 1916 Irish nationalists mounted this; which attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow British rule in Ireland.; an armed insurrection in Dublin in 1916 against British rule in Ireland: the insurgents proclaimed the establishment of an independent Irish republic before surrendering, 16 of the leaders later being executed.

A mysterious, deadly, and short-lived disease that appeared after WWI; was able to use WWI to spread across the world and kill 20 million people.

(1881-1938) was the only Turkish army officer to be an undefeated Ottoman commander; He became known as the Ataturk; He established the Turkey Republic

Was a document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers following World War I that officially ended that war. The treaty enacted severe punitive damages on Germany including seizure of territory, loss of colonies, reduction of its military to a symbolic size, and requirements it pay reparations to the victors. The treaty assigned Germany sole responsibility for starting World War I, despite the complex causes behind that war, and the requirement to pay reparations contributed to the financial and social instability of the Weimar Republic. The terms of the treaty are often blamed for helping create the conditions that led to World War II, a major reason that European integration, not retaliation, was the leading priority in 1940s post-war Europe.

The man whose death began WWI. He was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary but was assassinated in Serbia.

Treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917, Germans gained land.

The top allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919. They created the Treaty of Versailles that took away territory on Germany's borders and forced Germany to be responsible for the war. (Woodrow Wilson-US President, Georges Clemenceau-French Premier, David Orlando-British Prime Minister, and Vittorio Orlando-Italian Prime Minister.)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Pre-World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Occurs when two opposing nations are not having any victories and the war seems to slow, neither side nearing victory; a position counting as a draw, in which a player is not in check but cannot move except into check.

A colorless oily liquid whose vapor is a powerful irritant and vesicant, used in chemical weapons; poisonous gas invented by Germany to use in trench warfare.

Russian elected councils that originated as strike committees during the 1905 St. Petersburg disorders; they represented a form of local self-government that went on to become the primary unit of government in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The term was also used during the cold war to designate the Soviet Union.

Creator of the Fourteen Points; A leader who desired world peace, peace without victory, and supported self-determination in many nations; President of the U.S. during WWI.

System that developed in the wake of World War I when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control, a thinly veiled attempt at continuing imperialism.

An Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany; German Nazi dictator during World War II;

An Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

A 20th-century school of design, the aesthetic of which was influenced by and derived from techniques and materials employed especially in industrial fabrication and manufacture; An art school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933.

The domestic program of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labor, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government's activities.

The post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway.

An economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output and inflation; developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression.

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition; was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.

Process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge collective farms run by the state; millions died in the process.

Original name All India Muslim League; political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of British India (1947); founded in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims.

Also known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer.

Intellectual revolution and sociopolitical reform movement that occurred in China in 1917-21. The movement was directed toward national independence, emancipation of the individual, and rebuilding society and culture.

Seizure of the Manchurian city of Mukden by Japanese troops, which was followed by the Japanese invasion of all of Manchuria and the establishment of the Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo in the area; also called Manchurian Incident.

Foreign policy created by U.S. Pres. William Howard Taft and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there.

Three widely publicized show trials and a series of closed, unpublicized trials held in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, in which many prominent Old Bolsheviks were found guilty of treason and executed or imprisoned.

An Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943.

Two race-based measures depriving Jews of rights, designed by Adolf Hitler and approved by the Nazi Party at a convention in Nürnberg on September 15, 1935.

Forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials.

Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India.

Principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country's communist revolution; was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party also until his death.

The idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Popular name for the Latin American policy pursued by the administration of the U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt. (???)

Was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. He served as a leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and then as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death.

Was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.

A long and severe recession in an economy or market.

Was a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founding leader of the Red Army; initially supported the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

An early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and collage.

Was a French post-Impressionist artist who was not well appreciated until after his death; is now recognized for his experimental use of color and synthetist style that were distinctly different from Impressionism.

Land-owning Russian peasants who benefited under Lenin's New Economic Policy and suffered under Stalin's forced collectivization.

The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate.

The 6,000-mile (10,000-km) historic trek of the Chinese communists, which resulted in the relocation of the communist revolutionary base from southeastern to northwestern China and in the emergence of Mao Zedong as the undisputed party leader.

Mexican revolutionary, champion of agrarianism, who fought in guerrilla actions during and after the Mexican Revolution.

American company and corporate trust that from 1870 to 1911 was the industrial empire of John D. Rockefeller and associates, controlling almost all oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the United States.

Mexican painter whose bold, large-scale murals stimulated a revival of fresco painting in Latin America.

Political party of the mass movement known as National Socialism. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the party came to power in Germany in 1933 and governed by totalitarian methods until 1945.

("Crystal Night") The night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence continued for several more days.

Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party; known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and later as de facto ruler.

Soldier and statesman, head of the Nationalist government in China from 1928 to 1949, and subsequently head of the Chinese Nationalist government in exile on Taiwan; Chinese military and political figure who led the Nationalists against the rising Communist forces and was driven from the mainland to Taiwan (1949), where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death.

Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the regimes of both Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta and after 1914 engaged in civil war and banditry.