question

Babur

answer

founded Mughal Dynasty of India

question

Akbar

answer

Greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature

question

Sha Jahan

answer

Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal

question

Charles V

answer

Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires

question

conquistador

answer

Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas

question

Henry of Navarre

answer

First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nanates - cared about welfare of people

question

Hideyoshi

answer

daimyo that unified Japan, only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa

question

Ivan the Great

answer

quadrupled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule

question

Louis XIV

answer

"Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism

question

Prince Henry the Navigator

answer

Pushed Portuguese efforts to explore African sea route to Asia

question

Oliver Cromwell

answer

British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic

question

ronin

answer

masterless samurai between 1180 - 1868

question

Sikhs

answer

Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God

question

Suleiman I

answer

Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system

question

Sunni Ali

answer

15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire

question

Guinea states

answer

States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor

question

Indo-Gangetic Plain

answer

a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh

question

Lepanto

answer

1571 - Coalition of Catholic states navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy - signals beginning of W. European/Spain/Portuguese dominance of Mediterranean and beyond

question

Act of Toleration

answer

1689 - British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed

question

Capitalism

answer

economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company

question

Entrepreneur

answer

person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system, must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful

question

joint stock company

answer

W. European financial company with capital from investors, used to make a profit - precursor to corporation

question

Dutch East India Company

answer

Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies

question

British East India Company

answer

Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources

question

Treaty of Tordesillas

answer

Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain: Brazil - Portuguese, Spain - everywhere else

question

Parlement

answer

In France, initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with

question

Baroque

answer

exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe

question

Elizabeth I

answer

England monarch 1558 - 1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility

question

John Calvin

answer

Calvinism - belief in predestination - anti-witches

question

English Enlightenment

answer

1649 - 1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

question

Footbinding

answer

began Tang dynasty - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes

question

Huguenots

answer

Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted

question

Italian Renaissance

answer

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

question

Jesuits

answer

footsoldiers of the Pope, Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice

question

Northern Renaissance

answer

spread to Northern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses

question

Philosophes

answer

French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment

question

Puritans

answer

Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as pilgrims

question

Rococo

answer

The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures

question

Architecture of the Renaissance

answer

architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture

question

Deism

answer

belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, and then just watches

question

Patronage of the arts

answer

Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors

question

Printing Press

answer

Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy

question

absolute monarchy

answer

hereditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions

question

boyars

answer

member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th

question

Cossacks

answer

several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship

question

creoles

answer

Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale, step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal

question

devshirme

answer

system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries, or other servants such as tellak

question

divine right

answer

European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it

question

Dutch learning

answer

Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641 - 1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation

question

encomienda

answer

system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant

question

Enlightenment

answer

attempt to apply logic from Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics

question

Estates-General

answer

meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the states, backfires and leads to French Revolution

question

Glorious Revolution

answer

1688 overthrow of King James in England

question

Hagia Sophia

answer

former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul

question

Janissaries

answer

Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technological innovation

question

Mancus

answer

gold coin in Medieval Europe

question

mercantilism

answer

economic system where colonies' market and resources for the sole use of mother country

question

mestizos

answer

American that is half indigenous person, half European

question

Mughal dynasty

answer

Muslim dynasty that ruled India

question

mulatto

answer

offspring of a European and an African

question

nation-state

answer

a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent; typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself.

question

parliamentary monarchy

answer

attempt to control monarchy though parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch

question

peninsulares

answer

highest of Spanish colonial caste system - peninsular was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also, they held high official power or positions.

question

purdah

answer

practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious

question

Qing dynasty

answer

founded by Manch clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died

question

Reconquista

answer

reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492

question

sovereignty

answer

right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself

question

Taj Mahal

answer

finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumatz Mahal

question

Tokugawa Shogunate

answer

a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Toguawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the stop, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders

question

viceroyalty

answer

royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch - usually refers to method of colonial rule

question

caravel

answer

small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century, due to size could explore up river

question

Colombian Exchange

answer

Trade of Americas/Africa/Europe exchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, pack animals - led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced)

question

Northwest Passage

answer

attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers

question

Middle Passage

answer

term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25 - 50% would perish on trip

question

triangular trade

answer

trade of African slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa

question

Catholic Reformation - Counter Reformation

answer

instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences), stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far

question

commercial revolution

answer

of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them

question

empirical research

answer

data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe, but what you can prove

question

excommunication

answer

kicked out of the Church, threat made for those who had heretical views

question

Enlightenment

answer

belief that logic, techniques used in Scientific Revolution could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church

question

heliocentric theory

answer

belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth

question

indulgence

answer

selling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big compliant of Martin Luther

question

laissez-faire economics

answer

belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product

question

natural laws

answer

belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity

question

Ninety-Five Theses

answer

complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation

question

predestination

answer

belief the a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits and souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so... going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing

question

Protestant Reformation

answer

attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe, led to wars

question

Society of Jesus

answer

Otherwise known as the Jesuits, Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights

question

Martin Luther

answer

priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry

question

Henry VIII

answer

created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annul marriage to women who couldn't produce a male heir

question

Protestant doctrines

answer

don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope

question

Saint Ignatius Loyola

answer

Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights

question

European religious wars

answer

Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow

question

Thirty Years War

answer

years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Hapsburg dynasty was also a central motive

question

Enlightened monarchs/despots

answer

monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to the kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education

question

Maria Theresa and Joseph II

answer

first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.

question

Frederick the Great

answer

a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1750 to 1786. - enlightened monarch

question

Copernicus

answer

provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system

question

Galileo

answer

improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".

question

Sir Isaac Newton

answer

By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.

question

Voltaire

answer

Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs

question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

answer

political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

question

class diversification in Europe

answer

growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry

question

population growth and the Agricultural Revolution

answer

need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement

question

Adam Smith

answer

Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism

question

proto-industrialization

answer

16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.

question

Iberian wave of exploration

answer

Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa, exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast

question

Prince Henry the Navigator

answer

sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an Adrican route to Asia

question

Christopher Colombus

answer

"discover" of the Americas, looking for shortcut.western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Colombian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance

question

Ferdinand Magellan

answer

1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe

question

colonization

answer

need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning

question

northern wave of exploration

answer

France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America

question

Jacques Cartier

answer

explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.

question

North American fur trade

answer

Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi

question

Henry Hudson

answer

British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage

question

New Amsterdam

answer

17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City

question

Osman I

answer

1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

question

sultan

answer

certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate

question

viziers

answer

-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan

question

Istanbul

answer

officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world

question

Mehmet II

answer

1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own

question

millet system

answer

method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law

question

harem

answer

part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man

question

Siege of Vienna

answer

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

question

Safavid Empire

answer

native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran

question

Abbas the Great

answer

strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia

question

Isfahan

answer

cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today

question

Ming dynasty

answer

ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type

question

Francis Xavier

answer

pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul

question

tea and Chinese trade with Europe

answer

Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life

question

Kangxi

answer

one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

question

Ashikaga Shogunate

answer

(1336-1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare

question

Onin War

answer

1467-1477 Civil War that entered into Warring States period - mass struggle of Daimyos

question

reunification of Japan

answer

The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600

question

Oda Nobunaga

answer

Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582

question

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

answer

and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms

question

Delhi Shogunate

answer

various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526

question

Babur the Tiger

answer

founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother

question

Aurangzeb

answer

"ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam. "

question

Askia Mohammed

answer

king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire

question

gold trade in West and Central Africa

answer

made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region

question

Osei Tutu

answer

Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state

question

Boers

answer

Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa, that eventually move inland, come into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize

question

apartheid

answer

legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white, colored or black

question

Zulu

answer

South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle

question

European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network

answer

Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe

question

Atlantic slave trade

answer

purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people

question

sugar production and the slave trade

answer

labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners

question

Hernan Cortes

answer

defeated Aztecs due to guns, germs, and steel

question

Francisco Pizarro

answer

defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma

question

New Spain

answer

the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America, plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States

question

Spanish importation of smallpox and measles

answer

Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch

question

Bartolome de Las Casas

answer

demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans

question

silver mining

answer

forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe

question

Portuguese sugar production

answer

Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener

question

Peter Stuyvesant

answer

last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City

question

Jamestown

answer

first British colony in future United States

question

Plymouth Rock

answer

first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy

question

Massachusetts Bay Colony

answer

first British colony in New England - went on to be Massachusetts - started as joint-stock company

question

French and Indian Wars

answer

wars between England and France over land, secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution

question

Russian-American Company

answer

Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska

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