AP World History 1450 – 1750 Key Terms – Flashcards
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conquistador
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Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas
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Henry of Navarre
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First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nanates - cared about welfare of people
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Hideyoshi
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daimyo that unified Japan, only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa
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Ivan the Great
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quadrupled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule
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Louis XIV
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"Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Pushed Portuguese efforts to explore African sea route to Asia
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Oliver Cromwell
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British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic
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ronin
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masterless samurai between 1180 - 1868
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Sikhs
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Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God
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Suleiman I
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Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system
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Sunni Ali
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15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire
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Guinea states
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States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor
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Indo-Gangetic Plain
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a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh
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Lepanto
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1571 - Coalition of Catholic states navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy - signals beginning of W. European/Spain/Portuguese dominance of Mediterranean and beyond
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Act of Toleration
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1689 - British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed
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Capitalism
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economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company
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Entrepreneur
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person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system, must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful
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joint stock company
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W. European financial company with capital from investors, used to make a profit - precursor to corporation
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Dutch East India Company
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Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies
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British East India Company
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Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain: Brazil - Portuguese, Spain - everywhere else
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Parlement
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In France, initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with
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Baroque
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exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe
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Elizabeth I
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England monarch 1558 - 1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility
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John Calvin
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Calvinism - belief in predestination - anti-witches
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English Enlightenment
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1649 - 1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes
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Footbinding
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began Tang dynasty - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes
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Huguenots
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Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted
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Italian Renaissance
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rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion
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Jesuits
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footsoldiers of the Pope, Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice
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Northern Renaissance
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spread to Northern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses
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Philosophes
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French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment
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Puritans
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Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as pilgrims
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Rococo
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The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures
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Architecture of the Renaissance
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architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture
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Deism
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belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, and then just watches
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Patronage of the arts
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Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors
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Printing Press
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Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy
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absolute monarchy
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hereditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions
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boyars
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member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th
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Cossacks
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several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship
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creoles
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Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale, step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal
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devshirme
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system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries, or other servants such as tellak
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divine right
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European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it
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Dutch learning
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Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641 - 1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation
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encomienda
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system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant
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Enlightenment
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attempt to apply logic from Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics
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Estates-General
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meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the states, backfires and leads to French Revolution
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Glorious Revolution
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1688 overthrow of King James in England
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Hagia Sophia
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former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul
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Janissaries
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Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technological innovation
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Mancus
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gold coin in Medieval Europe
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mercantilism
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economic system where colonies' market and resources for the sole use of mother country
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mestizos
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American that is half indigenous person, half European
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Mughal dynasty
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Muslim dynasty that ruled India
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mulatto
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offspring of a European and an African
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nation-state
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a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent; typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself.
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parliamentary monarchy
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attempt to control monarchy though parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch
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peninsulares
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highest of Spanish colonial caste system - peninsular was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also, they held high official power or positions.
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purdah
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practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious
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Qing dynasty
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founded by Manch clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died
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Reconquista
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reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492
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sovereignty
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right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself
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Taj Mahal
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finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumatz Mahal
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Toguawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the stop, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders
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viceroyalty
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royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch - usually refers to method of colonial rule
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caravel
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small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century, due to size could explore up river
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Colombian Exchange
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Trade of Americas/Africa/Europe exchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, pack animals - led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced)
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Northwest Passage
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attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers
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Middle Passage
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term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25 - 50% would perish on trip
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triangular trade
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trade of African slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa
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Catholic Reformation - Counter Reformation
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instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences), stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far
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commercial revolution
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of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them
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empirical research
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data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe, but what you can prove
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excommunication
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kicked out of the Church, threat made for those who had heretical views
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Enlightenment
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belief that logic, techniques used in Scientific Revolution could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church
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heliocentric theory
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belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth
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indulgence
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selling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big compliant of Martin Luther
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laissez-faire economics
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belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product
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natural laws
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belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity
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Ninety-Five Theses
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complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation
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predestination
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belief the a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits and souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so... going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing
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Protestant Reformation
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attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe, led to wars
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Society of Jesus
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Otherwise known as the Jesuits, Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights
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Martin Luther
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priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry
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Henry VIII
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created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annul marriage to women who couldn't produce a male heir
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Protestant doctrines
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don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope
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Saint Ignatius Loyola
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Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights
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European religious wars
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Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow
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Thirty Years War
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years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Hapsburg dynasty was also a central motive
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Enlightened monarchs/despots
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monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to the kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education
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Maria Theresa and Joseph II
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first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.
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Frederick the Great
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a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1750 to 1786. - enlightened monarch
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Copernicus
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provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system
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Galileo
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improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".
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Sir Isaac Newton
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By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.
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Voltaire
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Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
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class diversification in Europe
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growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry
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population growth and the Agricultural Revolution
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need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement
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Adam Smith
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Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism
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proto-industrialization
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16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.
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Iberian wave of exploration
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Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa, exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an Adrican route to Asia
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Christopher Colombus
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"discover" of the Americas, looking for shortcut.western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Colombian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance
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Ferdinand Magellan
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1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe
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colonization
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need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning
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northern wave of exploration
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France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America
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Jacques Cartier
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explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.
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North American fur trade
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Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi
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Henry Hudson
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British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage
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New Amsterdam
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17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City
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Osman I
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1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
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sultan
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certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate
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viziers
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-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan
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Istanbul
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officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world
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Mehmet II
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1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own
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millet system
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method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law
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harem
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part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man
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Siege of Vienna
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failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces
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Safavid Empire
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native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran
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Abbas the Great
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strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia
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Isfahan
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cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today
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Ming dynasty
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ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type
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Francis Xavier
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pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul
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tea and Chinese trade with Europe
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Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life
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Kangxi
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one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
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Ashikaga Shogunate
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(1336-1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare
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Onin War
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1467-1477 Civil War that entered into Warring States period - mass struggle of Daimyos
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reunification of Japan
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The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600
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Oda Nobunaga
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Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms
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Delhi Shogunate
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various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526
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Babur the Tiger
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founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother
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Aurangzeb
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"ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam. "
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Askia Mohammed
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king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire
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gold trade in West and Central Africa
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made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region
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Osei Tutu
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Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state
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Boers
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Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa, that eventually move inland, come into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize
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apartheid
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legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white, colored or black
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Zulu
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South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle
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European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network
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Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe
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Atlantic slave trade
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purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people
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sugar production and the slave trade
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labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners
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Hernan Cortes
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defeated Aztecs due to guns, germs, and steel
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Francisco Pizarro
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defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma
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New Spain
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the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America, plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States
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Spanish importation of smallpox and measles
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Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch
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Bartolome de Las Casas
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demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans
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silver mining
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forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe
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Portuguese sugar production
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Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener
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Peter Stuyvesant
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last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City
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Jamestown
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first British colony in future United States
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Plymouth Rock
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first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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first British colony in New England - went on to be Massachusetts - started as joint-stock company
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French and Indian Wars
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wars between England and France over land, secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution
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Russian-American Company
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Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska
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