AP Test Chap. 1-4 – Flashcards
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| Absolute distance |
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| The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer. |
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| Absolute location |
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| The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system. |
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| Azimunthal Projection |
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| A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface. |
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| Cartograms |
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| A type of thematic map that trnsforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest realitve area. |
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| Breakin Point |
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| The outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the aread of a city's hinterlands the depends on that city for its retail supply. |
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| Cloropeth Map |
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| A themtical map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area. |
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| Distance decay effect |
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| THe decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between the increases. |
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| Expansion diffusion |
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| The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena surrounding areas through contact or exchange. |
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| Fuller project |
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| A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses, but ocmpletely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions-north, south, east, west- no longer have any meaning |
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| Geoid |
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| THe actual shape of the earth which is rouch oblate, or slightly squashed; the earth's curcumfrace is longer around the equator then it is along the meridians, from north south curcumfrence. |
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| Gravity model |
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| A mathmatical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and the distance from each other. |
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| Hierarchical diffusion |
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| A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common. |
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| International Date line |
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| THe line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian. |
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| Isoline |
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| Map line the connects points of equal or very similar values. |
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| Law of retail gravition |
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| Law that states the poeple will be drawn to large cities to conduct their buisness because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlans that surround them. |
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| Mercator Projection |
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| A true conformal cylinderical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famour for their distortion in aread that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversize. |
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| Meridian |
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| A line of longitute that runs north-south. All lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles. |
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| Peters Map proejctions |
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| A cylinderical map projetion that attempts to retain he accurate size of all the worlds landmasses. |
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| Relocation diffusion |
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| The diffusion of ideasm innovations, behaviors, and the like from one place to another through migration. |
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| Robinson Project |
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| Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or directionm but it minimizes errors in each. |
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| Small Scale |
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| Map scale ratio in whcih the ratio of units on the map to units on the earth is quite small. Small-scale maps usually depict large areas. |
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| Stimulus diffusion |
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| When a trait of one culture prompts invention of innovation in another. |
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| Thematic Map |
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| A type of map that displays one or more variables- such as population, income level-winthin a specific area. |
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| Time-space convergence |
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| The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communiction and increases interaction between two places. |
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| Topographic maps |
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| Maps that us isolins to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic map out into the field and then walked exactly along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same direction. |
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| topological space |
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| the amount of connectivity between places, regardless of the absolute distance seperating them. |
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| The Mercator projection preserves? |
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| Direction |
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| Which of the following map projections preseves the correct shape of the earths landmasses? |
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| Fullers Dymaxion |
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| Which of the followin is false regarding cognitive maps? |
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| tHey accurately relect mapped hazards |
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| Preferen ce maps of the united states tend to show that... |
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| people to to dislike states or regions bordering their own. |
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| Line of longitude.. |
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| contain the two tropics |
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| Which of the following is true statement regarding tie space convergence? |
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| Places seem to be getting closer. |
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| Rap music is what kind of diffusion? |
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| hieracrchical diffusion |
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| Which of the following is not a good example of barrier to spatial diffusion? |
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| a strict religious system |
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| Baby boom |
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| u.s.a citizens born between 1946-1964 right after world war two in a time of peace and good jobs. |
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| Baby bust |
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| when female children of baby boomers in the 1960's and 1970's decided to get a higher education increase levels dropped |
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| Carrying capacity |
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| The laregest number of people that the envoirment of a particular area can substain. |
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| Cotton belt |
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| Term by which the american south used to be known as because it was dominate in agriculture, now known as new south or sun belt becuase poeple move there to get better jobs and better enviorment. |
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| Demographic Accounting equation |
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| An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a pop. within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration. |
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| Who was Thomas Malthus? |
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| Author of Eassy On the Principle of Population claimed that population grows expolentionally while food production increase arthimetically and therefore in the future there would be less food more people. |
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| physologic density |
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| A ratio of human population to the area of cropland used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture. |
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| Rust belt |
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| The nothern industrial states including Ohio, Michigan, pennsylavania in which heavy industry was once the cominate economic activity |
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| Sun Belt |
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| U.s. region, mostly comprised of southwestern and southeaster states wich has grown dramatically since world war two |
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| Which of the following regions is currently experiencing the fastest pop. growth? |
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| Tropical Africa |
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| The number of live births per thousand people per year is called the... |
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| crude birth rate |
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| Which of the following countries is most likely to be showing the lowest natural increase rate? |
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| Liechenstien |
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| The demogrpahic accounting equation does not take into account.. when calulating a countrys pop. |
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| natural increase over time |
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| In the u.s. overall liufe expaectancy... |
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| varies between region with people lifein longer in southwest on avg. |
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| In the 193's thousand of okies fled from the dust bowl of the southern great plains to fertile california this is an example of.. |
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| eoo-migration |
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| Which of the following is a result of chain migration? |
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| San franisco china town |
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| Suburbanization is most evident in... |
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| newer american cities like las vegas |
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| The baby boom |
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| was fostered by economic prosperity and realitve peace |
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| When baby boomers gave reached retirement agem what will the population pyramid for the u.s. look like? |
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| relatively rectangular with slight bulge near the top |
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| Which of the following countried would you expect to ahve the denest population? |
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| belgium |
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| Carrying capacity is a function of.. |
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| Technology, natural rsources, limiting factors |
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| population policy usually involoves limitations on |
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| fertility levels and immigration levels. |
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| Acculturation |
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| The adoption of the cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another. |
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| Animism |
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| Most prevalent in africa and the americas, doctrin in which the world is seen as being infused with spritual even supernatural powers. |
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| Caste System |
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| A system in india that gives every indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Indivuals may improve this by good karma and break free of cycle and win there place in heaven. |
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| Cultural imperialism |
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| The dominance of one culture over another. |
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| Denomination |
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| A particular religious group usually assoicated with differing proestant belief systems. |
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| Diaspora |
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| People who come from a common ethnic backgrounf but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity. |
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| Ecumene |
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| The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans. |
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| Esperanto |
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| A constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to creat a universal means of comuunication. |
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| Evangelical religions |
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| Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system. |
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| Fundamentalism |
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| The strict adherence to a particular doctrine. |
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| Indo-Eurpoean family |
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| Language family includes germanic, romand lnaguages spoken by about 50% of the world. |
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| Isoglosses |
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| geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet. |
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| Judaism |
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| The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity and its adherents tend to form tight-kint communities whereever they form. |
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| Pidgin |
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| Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. THe pidgin has some characteristics of each language. |
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| Polyglot |
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| A mutlilingual state. |
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| Shaman |
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| The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural |
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| Sino-tibetan family |
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| Sinotibetan family |
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| langauges area that sreas through most of southeast asia and china and is comprised of chineses brumese tibetan japan korean |
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| Toponym |
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| Place names given to certain feautres on the land auch as settlements terrain features and streams. |
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| Cultural geography is the study of.. |
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| the spatial distribution of cultural traits |
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| The cultural hearth of christianity is in... |
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| israel |
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| People in london, melbourne, vancouver, mumbia all speak.. |
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| different dialects |
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| Acculturation is common cause of |
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| language extinction |
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| All evangelical religions are also |
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| universalizing religions |
