AP Psychology Thinking and Language Chapter 10 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Cognition
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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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What do cognitive psychologists study?
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All Mental Activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating
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Concept
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Prototype
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A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
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Algorithm
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A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
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Heuristic
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A rule of thumb based on experience used to make decisions.
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Insight
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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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Confirmation Bias
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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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Fixation
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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Mental Set
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A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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Functional Fixedness
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The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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Two Types of Fixedness
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Functional Fixedness, Mental Set
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Availability Heuristic
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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
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Overconfidence
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Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions
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Framing
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The terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured.
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Belief Bias
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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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Belief Perservance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were forms has been discredited
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Artificial Intelligence
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A computer system performing a task that would require human intelligence if performed by a human.
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Computer Neural Networks
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Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
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Language
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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
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Phoneme
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In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Morpheme
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A basic unit of meaning in a language.
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Grammar
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In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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Semantics
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
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Syntax
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Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
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Babbling Stage
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Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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One-Word Stage
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The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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Two-Word Stage
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Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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Telegraphic Speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words
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Linguistic Determinism
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
