Ap psychology Personality study guide – Flashcards
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Personality
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A persons enduring and general style of (1) dealing with others (2) and the world around them.
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1) Psychoanalytic 2) Humanistic 3) Social-cognitive 4) Trait Theories
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For theories of personality
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Sigmund Freud
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Not scientific. unconscious vs conscious mind (unconscious=vast bit under water conscious= tip of the iceberg)
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Psychoanalytic
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Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function as adults. (number one theory of personality. )
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Psychodynamic
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psychological approach based on a marriage of Freudian concepts, such as the unconscious, with more modern ideas like the Triune brain theory.
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Free association
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the therapist listens and the patient says whatever comes to mind. listens to find patterns/reveal something of the unconscious mind
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Freudian Symbols
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dream symbols that reveal what is happening in the unconscious mind. (knives/spears=male///box/ships=female)
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ID
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mental energy and drive, encompasses all the human drives including food and reproducing. (pleasure principle) (wants to be violent)
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Pleasure association
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idea of maximize the pleasure while minimizing pain.
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Superego
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society's rules, morals and obligations. (knows society frowns upon violence)
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Ego
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reality principle that is set of desires that can be satisfied if the means to satisfy them exists and is available. (keeps ID safe) (learn mma before being violent.) (the ID gets satisifaction while superego is placated. (**Ego acts as the go between the Id and the Super ego**)
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Reality principle
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is set of desires that can be satisfied if the means to satisfy them exists and is available.
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Repression
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means something is terribly painful, the mind pushes it into the subconscious (NOT SCIENTIFIC)
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Displacement
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defense mechanism. you put your feelings onto something else that is more safe. (putting anger on something else)
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Reaction formation
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defense mechanism in which the ego reverses the directions of disturbing desire to make that desire safer or more socially acceptable. (hate babies then become baby doctor)
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Compensation
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making up for failures in one area by being successful in others
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Rationalization
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creating logical excuses for emotional or irrational behavior.
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Regression
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means reverting to childish behavior. (defense mechanism) Too much stress u act like a child
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Denial
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is the refusal to acknowledge or accept unwanted beliefs or actions.
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Sublimation
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means that you channel behavior that is aggressive or sexual unto socially acceptable outlets. (sports for aggression, marriage for sexuality)
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Karen Horney
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Freud from female POV, interaction between parent and child around basis anxiety was the basis for adult personlity. kid felt safe=confident adult vice versa
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Basis anxiety
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the anxiety from being alone in an unfamillar hostile world. central theme of childhood
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Carl Jung
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belied mind has pairs of opposing forces. each person had a persona and a shadow
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Persona (carl)
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the mask u show to the world
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Shadow (carl)
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deep, passionate, inner person "dark side"
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Anima (carl)
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male
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Animus (carl)
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female
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Self (carl)
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balances opposing forces (animavs.animus)
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Personal conscious (carl)
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has our own repressed memories and clusters of thoughts
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Collective unconscious (carl)
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our own ancient behavior and memories
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Archetypes (carl)
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the behavior and memories in the collective unconscious
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Alfred Adler
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came up with inferiority complex
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Inferiority complex
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(1) we are born small and weak. (2) makes us feel inferior (3)ppl spend rest of lives trying to overcome inferiority. (4) if we dont overcome it we become violent, depressed and anxious (to overcome complex contribute to society)
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Humanistic
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theories of personality that emphasize the uniqueness and richness of being human. (holistic view=whole view)
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Self-actualization
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which means creativity becoming who you are capable of becoming.
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Abraham Maslow
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one of the founders of humanistic psychology and is often best recognized for developing the theory of human motivation now known as Hierarchy of Needs. A psychologist, noted that some human needs were more powerful than others.
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Carl Rodgers
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give trophies to everyone even the ones that dot deserve it
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Self-concept
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who we mentally think we are
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Incongruence
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we get mental problems when our thoughts and behavior are at odds
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Conditions of worth
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we get our self-concept from this, or other people's evaluations of our worth. (are the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard.)
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Unconditional positive regard
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means accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation
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Social-cognitive
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our personality is created from cognitive constructs that we get from observations on how others treat us. (holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.)
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Albert Bandura
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social cognitive psychologist. said we had self-efficacy
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Self-efficacy
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our own beliefs about our own abilities. whether we believe we can do it or not greatly influences
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Explanatory styles
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DEf: is a psychological attribute that indicates how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negative. Psychologists have identified three components in explanatory style: **Personal (internal vs. external) this involves how one explains the cause of an event. People experiencing events may see themselves as the cause; that is, they have internalised the cause for the event. Example: "I always forget to make that turn" (internal) as opposed to "That turn can sure sneak up on you" (external). **Permanent (stable vs. unstable) this involves how one explains the extent of the cause. People may see a situation as unchangeable, e.g., "I always lose my keys" or "I never forget a face". **Pervasive (global vs. local/specific) this involves how one explains the extent of the effects. People may see a situation as affecting all aspects of life, e.g., "I can't do anything right" or "Everything I touch seems to turn to gold".
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Locus of control theory
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refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.
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Julian Rotter
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our personality is determine about whether or not we feel empowered or the victim.
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Internal locus of control
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success is up to them. they have control. ( refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.)
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External locus of control
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success or failure has to do with luck or chance. (meaning they believe their decisions and life are controlled by environmental factors which they cannot influence, or by chance or fate).
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Big 5
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1)introversion-extroversion 2)neuroticism-stability 3)agreeableness-antagonism 4)conscientiousness-undirectedness 5)openess-nonopeness
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Nomothetic analysis
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universal traits (meaning "law". Psychologists who adopt this approach are mainly concerned with studying what we share with others. That is to say in establishing laws or generalizations.)
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Ideographic analysis
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not universal traits, (study of individuals)
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Gordon Allport
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was one of the founders of Personality Psychology. He is known for coming up with the Trait Theory of Personality, which categorizes traits or dispositions into three levels. A Cardinal Trait is a trait that defines and dominates one's personality and behavior. (obsession) Primary trait: trait u have but its not important 2nd to cardinal (refer to general characteristics that are present to some degree in almost everyone.) . Secondary Traits: trait u care about the less than primary (are characteristics that surface only in certain situations. Some examples could be shyness, irritability, or anxiety.)
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Raymond Cattell
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16 Personality factors, In other words, each person contains all of these 16 traits to a certain degree, but they might be high in some traits and low in others. bstractedness: Imaginative versus practical Apprehension: Worried versus confident Dominance: Forceful versus submissive Emotional Stability: Calm versus high strung Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained Openness to Change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined Privateness: Discreet versus open Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete Rule Consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded. Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy Tension: Impatient versus relaxed Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
