question

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

answer

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

question

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are suddenly judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

answer

concept of conservation

question

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:

answer

secure attachment.

question

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

answer

authoritarian

question

Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.

answer

secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics

question

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality

answer

postconventional

question

Adolescent females spend _______ time alone and _______ time praying than do adolescent males

answer

less; more

question

A reduction in estrogen levels is most closely associated with

answer

menopause

question

People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during

answer

later adulthood

question

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study.

answer

longitudinal

question

For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n):

answer

teratogen

question

Immediately after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers':

answer

voices

question

Newborns habituate more rapidly to a ________ than to a ________.

answer

solid disk; facelike image

question

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:

answer

accommodation

question

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:

answer

sense of object permanence

question

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of:

answer

autism

question

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

answer

insecure attachmen

question

Many researchers believe that people's styles of romantic love in adulthood reflect their childhood

answer

attachment experiences

question

Compared to the children with authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are ________ likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and _______ likely to demonstrate a postconventional morality.

answer

more; more

question

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.

answer

preconventional

question

The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:

answer

gut-level intuitions

question

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:

answer

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

question

A series of small strokes that progressively damage an elderly person's brain is most likely to produce:

answer

dementia

question

As adults age, they show the greatest declines in _______ intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to _______ recently presented information

answer

fluid; recall

question

Research on developmental stability and change indicates that:

answer

at the age of 1 or 2, adult personality traits are still largely unpredictable

question

Scientists who study physical, mental, and social changes throughout the life cycle are called

answer

developmental psychologists

question

the lack of neural connections helps explain why our earliest memories don't occur before age

answer

3

question

impose rules and expect obedience

answer

authoritarian

question

submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment

answer

permissive

question

both demanding and responsive-exert control by setting rules but also by explaining reasons and encouraging open discussion

answer

authoritative

question

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

answer

cross-sectional study

question

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

answer

longitudinal study

question

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

answer

crystallized intelligence

question

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

answer

fluid intelligence

question

developmental psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

question

zygote

answer

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

question

embryo

answer

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

question

fetus

answer

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

question

teratogens

answer

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

question

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

answer

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

question

rooting reflex

answer

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.

question

habituation

answer

decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

question

maturation

answer

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

question

schema

answer

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

question

assimilation

answer

interpreting one's new experience in terms one one's existing schemas

question

accomodation

answer

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

question

cognition

answer

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

question

sensorimotor stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

question

object permanence

answer

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

question

preoperation stage

answer

in piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

question

conservation

answer

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

question

egocentrism

answer

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficutlty taking another's point of view

question

theory of mind

answer

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

question

autism

answer

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.

question

concrete operational stage

answer

In piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 or 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

question

formal operational stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

question

stranger anxiety

answer

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

question

attachment

answer

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

question

critical period

answer

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

question

imprinting

answer

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

question

basic trust

answer

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

question

self concept

answer

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

question

adolescence

answer

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

question

puberty

answer

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

question

primary sex characteristics

answer

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

question

secondary sex characteristics

answer

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

question

menarche

answer

the first menstrual period

question

identity

answer

one's sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

question

intimacy

answer

in erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

question

menopause

answer

the time of naturall cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

question

Alzheimer's disease

answer

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

question

cross-sectional study

answer

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

question

longitudinal study

answer

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

question

crystallized intelligence

answer

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

question

fluid intelligence

answer

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

question

social clock

answer

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

question

generativity

answer

A feeling of concern about, or interest in guiding and shaping the next generation

question

integrity

answer

Consistently adhering to honesty and ethical behavior and accepting responsibility for our actions

question

midlife transition

answer

According to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future

question

dementia

answer

An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment

question

preconventional morality

answer

First level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which control is external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid punishment or out of self-interest

question

conventional morality

answer

A type of morality that is characterized by the obedience of laws and rules for the simple reason that they are rules

question

postconventional morality

answer

Individuals move beyond the conventional rules of their community to focus more broadly on what is best for society at large, and on ways of promoting justice in society

question

moral reasoning

answer

The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions

question

Lawrence Kohlberg

answer

1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior

question

prospective memory

answer

Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions

question

Jean Piaget

answer

1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

question

Erik Erikson

answer

1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

question

secure attachment

answer

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

question

insecure attachment

answer

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

question

mother care

answer

gentle manner of play and care

question

social intuitionist

answer

The theory that moral feelings precede moral reasoning. Claims that moral judgment involves quick gut feelings, which then trigger moral reasoning. Moral reasoning aims to convince others of what we intuitively felt.

question

other care

answer

nurse educator, nurse manager, nurse executive/administrator, clinical nurse leader

AP Psychology: Development – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards