AP Psychology: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Cognition
answer
Manipulation stored information in various ways
question
Metacognition
answer
Thinking about how you think or what happens when you consider how to solve a problem
question
Cognitive Maps
answer
A mental representation
question
Concepts
answer
Mental groupings of similar objects
question
Prototypes
answer
A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category
question
Hierarchies
answer
And arrangement of items in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.
question
Connotation
answer
An idea or feeling that a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning
question
Denotation
answer
The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to feelings or ideas that the world suggests
question
Trial and Error
answer
experimenting until a solution is found
question
means-end analysis
answer
a problem solving method in which the problem is broken down into sub goals, and each step to solve the problem to move closer to the solution
question
working backwards
answer
starting at the end and working your way to the beginning of the problem
question
algorithm
answer
a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution
question
heuristics
answer
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
question
representative heuristic
answer
to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes
question
availability heuristic
answer
operates when we base our judgement on how mentally available information is
question
anchoring heuristic
answer
a mental shortcut that involves basing judgements on existing information
question
insight
answer
the clear understanding of a complex situation
question
confirmation bias
answer
a major obstacle to problem solving is out eagerness to search for information that confirms our ideas
question
fixation
answer
the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
question
mental set
answer
predisposes how we think
question
functional fixatedness
answer
our tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects without imagining alternative uses
question
overconfidence effect
answer
a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements
question
framing effect
answer
the way we present an issue
question
belief bias
answer
the tendency for our beliefs to distort out logic
question
belief perseverance
answer
our tendency to cling our beliefs in the face of the contrary evidence
question
reasoning
answer
a type of thinking in which a person tries to solve a problem by incorporating two or more aspects of past experience
question
formal reasoning
answer
the process of following a set of rigorous procedure for reaching valid conclusions
question
deductive reasoning
answer
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case
question
inductive reasoning
answer
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
question
dialectical reasoning
answer
a process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution to a problem
question
artificial intelligence
answer
simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn
question
phonemes
answer
setting basic sounds
question
morphemes
answer
the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
question
grammar
answer
a system of rules
question
semantics
answer
is the set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
question
syntax
answer
refers to the rules we use in order to word sentences
question
receptive language
answer
the total of the words that babies can understand
question
productive language
answer
the total of words that babies can use
question
babbling stage
answer
spontaneously utter a variety of sounds
question
one-word stage
answer
stage entered usually around babies first birthdays.
question
two-word stage
answer
when babies start uttering two word sentences
question
telegraphic speech
answer
contains mostly nouns and verbs
question
language acquisition device
answer
Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
question
universal grammar
answer
Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a common underlying structure
question
critical periods
answer
window in which children need to start learning
