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psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's feee associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth

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present; future; past

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Unlike many psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the _____ and ______ more than the _____.

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conscious; unconscious

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Unlike many psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the _____ thoughts more than the _____ thoughts.

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responsibility

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Unlike many psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on taking immediate ________ for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants.

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growth; illness

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Unlike many psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on promoting _____ rather than curing _____.

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active listening

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empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restate, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

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Rogers

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the theorist behind "client-centered therapy"

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paraphrase, invite clarification, reflect feelings

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Three things an active listener must do

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapy; aversive conditioning

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Counterconditioning includes both ________ _________ and ___________ ____________.

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

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systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increased anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fear, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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progressive relaxation

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Using _____ ______, a therapist trains you through systematic desensitization to relax one muscle group after another until you achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort.

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.

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interpersonal therapy

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a brief 12- to 16-session form of psychodynamic therapy

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Humanistic therapists

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focus on clients' present and future experiences, on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts, and on taking responsibility for one's feelings and actions

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crisis; need to believe; therapists

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Many people think clients tend to overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy because 1) people often enter therapy in _______; 2) clients may ___________ the therapy was worth the effort; 3) Clients generally speak kindly of their _______.

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meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for unusual events to "regress" toward their average state.

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improve; more; improve

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Those not undergoing therapy often _____, but those undergoing therapy are ____ likely to _____.

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cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavior therapy

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empirically supported therapies for depression

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cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation training

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empirically supported therapies for anxiety

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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empirically supported therapy for bulimia

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behavior modification

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empirically supported therapy for bed-wetting

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Francine Shapiro

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introduced eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

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eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

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type of anxiety-reducing therapy introduced by Francine Shapiro, in which one spontaneously darts one's eyes about in order to unlock from frozen trauma memories

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Franz Anton Mesmer

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introduced animal magnetism (hypnosis)

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animal magnetism

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another term for hypnosis, which was introduced by Franz Anton Mesmer

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seasonal affective disorder

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oversleeping, gaining weight, and feeling lethargic during the dark mornings and overcast days of winter

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hope for demoralized people; a new perspective on oneself and the world; and an empathetic, trusting, caring relationship

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three things offered by therapies

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psychopharmacology

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the study of drug effects on mind and behavior

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double-blind technique

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used by researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of any new drug; half the patients receive the drug, the other have a similar-appearing placebo

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tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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new generation anti-psychotic drugs

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target D1 dopamine receptors; have fewer side effects like tar dive dyskinesia, but appear hardly more effective and seem to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes

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electroconvulsive therapy

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

AP Psychology Chapter 17 – Therapy – Flashcards

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