AP Psychology Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Behaviorism
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Theoretical perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to learning. Viewing behavior as the product of learning and associations.
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Dualism
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the idea that the mind and body are two separate entities
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Empiricist
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person who believes that knowledge comes from experience with the environment
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Introspection
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looking inward in an attempt to study feelings and sensations; came from structuralism; studied by Wundt and eventually Titchener.
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Nativist
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person who believes that certain ideas or personal characteristics are innate or inborn
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Plato
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Greek philosopher who proposed that some ideas are innate
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences.
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Rene Descartes
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French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that threads within body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought
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John Locke
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British empiricist philosopher who argued that the mind is a blank slate at birth.
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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German physiologist who demonstrated that the movement of impulses in the nerves and in the brain was not instantaneous, but instead took but finite amount of time. Made groundbreaking discoveries about how the brain processes sound and sight. Eventually teaches Wundt.
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Charles Darwin
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British biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction
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Wilhelm Wundt
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German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology lab in 1879
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G. Stanley Hall
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American phychologist who established the first psychology research lab in the U.S. and founded the APA
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Edward Titchener
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student of Wundt; popularized the method of introspection
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William James
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American philosopher and psychologist who wrote and influential psychology textbook
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Herman Ebbinghaus
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German psychologist who conducted the first extensive experiments on memory
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams. First woman president of the APA
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. Most of his theories no longer hold.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian psychologist who discovered the principles of classical conditioning. Behavior happens because of stimulus. Dog and bell.
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Edwin Thorndike
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American psychologist who conducted the first experiments on animal learning by studying cats. Concluded that humans think more because of the frontal lobe.
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Margaret Washburn
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American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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John B. Watson
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American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes
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B.F. Skinner
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American psychologist who championed behaviorism and studied operant conditioning. Behavior happens because of the reward afterward. Origins of superstition. Reinforcement. Pigeons.
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Jean Piaget
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Swiss psychologist who pioneered the study of cognitive development in children
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Abraham Maslow
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Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth. Hierarchy of needs.
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Noam Chomsky
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American linguist who influenced the growth of cognitive psychology
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Carl Rogers
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American psychotherapist who was a supporter of humanistic psychology
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Sociocultural Approach
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Behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures; you do what you do because it's what's socially acceptable.
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Research Psychologists
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Those who study the origin, cause, or results of certain variables.
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Theory
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Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors/events. Past experiences and observations are used to predict future events.
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Neurobiological Approach
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Viewing behavior as the result of biology plus nerve cells. Electrochemical activity in the neurons are studied to see how the brain is affected.
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Applied Psychologists
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. Take info and go do something with it.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts to unconscious motives and conflicts. Patient's free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. Unconscious mind, past experiences.
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Eclecticism
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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Borrowing and taking ideas from other groups.
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Humanistic Approach
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Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and individual's potential for personal growth. People are basically good and capable of helping themselves.
