AP Psych Review – Famous Psychologists – Flashcards
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Mary Ainsworth
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Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model. Label infants "secure", "insecure" (etc.) in attachment
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Solomon Asch
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Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.
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Albert Bandura
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Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective
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Alfred Binet
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Created first intelligence test for Parisian school children
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Thomas Bouchard
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Studied identical twins separated at birth
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Noam Chomsky
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Created concept of "universal grammar"
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory
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Erik Erikson
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Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development
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Sigmund Freud
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Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry"
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John Garcia
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studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned
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Carol Gilligan
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Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships
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Harry Harlow
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Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
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William James
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created Functionalist school of thought; early American psychology teacher/philosopher
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Jerome Kagan
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Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence)
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Ancel Keys
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Conducted semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment
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Elizabeth Loftus
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Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony
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Abraham Maslow
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Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
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Stanley Milgram
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Conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience
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Ivan Pavlov
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Described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs
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Jean Piaget
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Known for his theory of cognitive development in children
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Carl Rogers
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Developed "client-centered" therapy
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Stanley Schachter
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Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect
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B.F. Skinner
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Described process of operant conditioning
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Edward Thorndike
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Famous for "law of effect" and research on cats in "puzzle boxes"
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John Watson
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Early behaviorist; famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning
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Benjamin Lee Whorf
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Famous for describing concept of "liguistic determinism"
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William Wundt
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Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory
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Philip Zimbardo
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Conducted Stanford Prison experiment
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Hans Selye
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(Accidently) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Karen Horney
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Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory
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Martin Seligman
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Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"
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Fritz Perls
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Creator of Gestalt Therapy
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Alfred Adler
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Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
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Albert Ellis
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Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)
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Aaron Beck
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Developed cognitive-behavior therapy
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Gordon Allport
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Founder of Trait Theory
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Phineas Gage
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his survival of a horrible industrial accident taught us about the role of the frontal lobes (okay, he's not really a psychologist...)
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Walter Mischel
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offered famous critique of trait theory and its claims
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David McClelland
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studied achievement motivation; found those with high levels are driven to master challenging tasks
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)
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Charles Darwin
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his idea, that the genetic composition of a species can be altered through natural selection, has had a lasting impact on psychology through the evolutionary perspective
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Dorothea Dix
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American activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct & fund asylums for the mentally ill
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G. Stanley Hall
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first american to work for Wundt; • Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)
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Paul Broca
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the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it
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Carl Wernicke
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an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it
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Michael Gazzaniga
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Conducted the "HE-ART" experiments with split brain patients
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Roger Sperry
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like Gazzaniga, studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions
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Gustav Fechner
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early German psychologist credited with founding psychophysics
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David Hubel & Torsten Weisel
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two Nobel prize winning neuroscientists who demonstrated the importance of "feature detector" neurons in visual perception
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Ernst Weber
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best known for "Weber's Law", the notion that the JND magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude
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Ernest Hilgard
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famous for his hypnosis research & the theory that a "hidden observer" theory
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Robert Rescorla
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researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)
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Edward Tolman
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researched rats' use of "cognitive maps"
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Wolfgang Kohler
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considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology
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George A. Miller
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made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory
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Alfred Kinsey
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his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)
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Diana Baumrind
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her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)
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Lev Vygotsky
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founder of "Social Development Theory" (note: not "social learning theory" OR "psychosocial" development...); emphasizes importace of More Knowledge Others (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development
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Konrad Lorenz
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won Nobel prize for research on imprinting
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Carl Jung
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neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation
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Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
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creators of the "Big Five" model of personality traits
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Francis Galton
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interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement
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Howard Gardner
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best known for his theory of "multiple intelligences"
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Charles Spearman
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creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept
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Robert Sternberg
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creator of "successful intelligence" theory (3 types)
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Lewis Terman
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advocate of intelligence testing in US; developed Standford-Binet test and oversaw army's use of intelligence testing during WWI
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David Weschler
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developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests
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Mary Cover Jones
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"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits
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Joseph Wolpe
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described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias
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Leon Festinger
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described concept of cognitive dissonance
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Paul Ekman
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Interested in the universality of facial expressions: facial expressions carry same meaning regardless of culture, context, or language. Use of microexpressions to detect lying.
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William Masters & Virginia Johnson
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used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)
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Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky
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investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability, anchoring, and representativeness heuristics
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Raymond Cattell
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intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)
