question

1. According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of

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consciousness WWTF are you conscious

question

2. The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched America's first psychology journal was

answer

G. Stanley Hall

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3. The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was

answer

G. Stanley Hall

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4. Introspection was most likely to be used by

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structuralists

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5. The first woman to serve as President of the American Psychological Association was

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Mary Whilton Calkins

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6. The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is most consistent with the views of

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Freud

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7. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called

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psychoanalysis

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8. The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was

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John B. Watson

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9. Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are most consistent with the

answer

Nature vs. Nurture, Nurture - learn by experience

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10. The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was

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B.F Skinner

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11. The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, is

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humanism

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12. The theoretical viewpoint that is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is

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humanists

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13. The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called

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applied psychology

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14. Which of the following groups is most likely to have been used as subjects for psychological research?

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school children?

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15. Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called

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variable

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16. A hypothesis is

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tentative statement about relationship between 2 or more things

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17. In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the

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independent variable

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18. The purpose of the control group is to

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see what has changed

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19. In experiments, placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any experimental group is referred to as

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random sampling

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21. Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that

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all brought in the scope of phenomena that psychologists are able to study

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22. The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores, such that half the scores fall below that score and half the scores fall above it, is the

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median

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23. The standard deviation is a measure of

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amount of variability in a set of data

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24. Placebos are used in research to control for

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effects of a treacherous extraneous variable, participants expectation

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25. One method to control for experimenter bias effects in research is to use

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double blind - procedure will control for experiment bias neither subject nor experimenter know experiment from control

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26. ____ receive information from other neurons; ____ transmit information to other neurons.

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Dendrites receive information and axons transmit information to other neurons

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27. Faster neural impulses occur in

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neurons covered in myelin

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28. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron?

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dendrites - soma - axon - presynaptic terminals

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29. The tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is not receiving and/or sending information is called

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resting potential - stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive

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30. When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes

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action potential INCREASES - brief shift in neurons electrical charge that travels along axon when channels open allowing sodium ions to flow into neuron

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31. The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by

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absolute refractory period- minimum length of time between action potentials

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32. If action potentials follow the all-or-none principle how is it possible for us to distinguish between different levels of stimulus intensity?

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neurons can convey information about strength of stimulus by varying rate of which they fire action potentials

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33. If IPSP's did not exist

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decreases likelihood neuron will fire action potentials.

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34. Reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as

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reuptake - reabsorption of neurotransmitters

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35. An agonist

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chemical that mimics action of a neurotransmitter

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36. An antagonist

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chemical that opposes/blocks action of a neurotransmitter

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37. Abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role in which of the following?

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depression and OCD

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38. ____ nerves receive information, while ____ nerves carry out instructions.

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afferent nerves receive info, efferent nerves carry out instructions

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39. That part of the nervous system that controls digestion and flow of blood is the

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autonomic nervous system

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40. Erin suffered a brain injury and her neurologist has told her that there is damage to her reticular formation. In this instance, Erin is most likely to experience

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reticular formation contributes to modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing and pain

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41. The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the

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hypothalamus HUNGRY HYPER HIYPO

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42. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the regulation of emotion?

answer

cerebrum/limbic system

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43. The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

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corpus callosom

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44. In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located?

answer

parietal lobe

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45. The most recent research investigating the brain's plasticity suggests that

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anatomical structure and functional organization of brain is more malleable than assumed brains plasticity declines with age

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46. If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to

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primary auditory cortex

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47. In both split-brain people and neurologically intact people, the left hemisphere specializes in

answer

left hemisphere connects and communicates with right hand, arm, eyebrow, etc. specializes in language - verbal processing, language speech reading and writing

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48. The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream is known as the

answer

endocrine system

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49. According to psychologists, the minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is

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an absolute threshold for a specific type of sensory input is the minimum stimulus intensity an organism can detect

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50. According to psychologists, the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect is

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just noticeable difference (JND) smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect

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51. According to ____, the ability to detect a stimulus depends not only on the intensity of the stimulus but also on other variables such as the level of noise in the system and your expectations.

answer

signal detection theory

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52. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to

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subliminal perception - registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

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53. Sensory adaptation refers to

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sensory adaptation - gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

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54. Overall, it appears that we perceive

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we perceive changing stimuli better than constant ones

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55. The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of

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color

question

56. If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in

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brightness

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58. Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on____

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cones - daylight vision/color rods - night time/ peripheral

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59. The primary visual cortex is located in the

answer

occipital lobe

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60. Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called

answer

feature detectors - neurons that respond selectively to specific features of more complex stimuli

question

61. If you look at a sheet of notebook paper set on a table, the distal stimulus is the ____, and the proximal stimulus is the ____.

answer

paper / image projected on a retina.

question

62. The binocular depth cue that relies on the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so that the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object is known as

answer

retinal disparity - objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on right and left retinas, so each eye sees slightly different view of object.

question

63. Interposition refers to

answer

when an object comes between you and another object it must be closer to you

question

64. Which of the following principles does the Ponzo illusion use to achieve its effect?

answer

linear perspective

question

65. The Ames room, in which people are seen to get small or enlarge as they move about, demonstrates that our perception of the world depends strongly on

answer

our perception of the world depends strongly on the assumptions we make about it

question

66. The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the

answer

COCHLEA. hair cells convert physical stimulation into neural impulses that are sent to brain.

question

67. The correct order in which a sound stimulates the structures in the ear is

answer

eardrum. ossicles. oval window. cochlea.

question

68. Which of the following best describes how we hear according to place theory?

answer

perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along basilar membrane

question

69. The two major cues we use to localize sound sources in space are

answer

intensity (loudness) and timing of sounds arriving at each ear are the two cues that contribute to auditory localization

question

70. Food generally tastes bland when you have a severe head cold because

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sense of smell is impaired and odor contributes to flavor

question

71. The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as

answer

consciousness

question

72. An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

answer

electroencephalograph (EEG) monitors electrical activity of brain over time by means of recording electrodes attatched to surface of scalp

question

73. The four basic EEG patterns are

answer

delta, beta, alpha and theta

question

74. The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

answer

melatonin

question

75. Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

answer

stage 2 sleep

question

76. Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?

answer

heightened muscle tension NOT in rem

question

77. The most common known sleep disorder is

answer

insomnia

question

78. Sleep apnea is characterized by

answer

frequent, reflexive gasping for air

question

79. The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject

answer

think as they think they are supposed to

question

81. A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as

answer

sedatives

question

82. The most widely used recreational drug in the United States is

answer

alcohol

question

83. A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called

answer

tolerance

question

84. John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is demonstrating

answer

physical dependence

question

85. The three basic processes in memory are

answer

encoding, storage, retrival

question

86. Early-selection theories of attention propose that

answer

info sensored during sensory input

question

87. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?

answer

they were structural, phonemic, and semantic

question

88. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using

answer

dual coding theory

question

89. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has

answer

shiffrin memory model - incoming information passes through z temporary storage. buffers. sensory and STM then n- LTM and sensory stores

question

90. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?

answer

Sperling

question

91. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the phone conversation distracted you from ____ the information.

answer

short term / rehearsal

question

92. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

answer

Geroge Miller

question

93. Penfield's studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. This suggests the possibility that forgetting may be a matter of

answer

LTM info stores permanently, remember is an issue of retrivial

question

94. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called

answer

Flashbulb memories

question

95. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is referred to as

answer

reality monitoring

question

96. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

answer

Herman Ebbinghaus

question

97. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of

answer

lack of attention

question

98. You have an exam at 8 a.m. and it is now 8 p.m. the night before. You have studied well. The best thing to do now is

answer

sleep all night

question

99. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

100. Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

answer

involves loss of memory that occured prior to amnesia

question

101. Damage to which of the following is most likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?

answer

hippocampus

question

102. All of the following theorists EXCEPT ____ encouraged the study of cognitive activity which helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s.

answer

skinner

question

103. The three essential characteristics of language are that it must be

answer

symbolic, generative, limited number of symbols, and structured

question

104. The word "unchangeable" consists of

answer

phoneme - morpheme - word - phrase - sentence. EX: unchangeable 3 morphemes

question

105. If you were to compare adult speech with the speech of infants under 4 months of age you should expect to find that

answer

children use more overextension and underextensions telegraphic speech, MLU and over-regularizations than adults THEY USE MORE MORPHENES

question

106. Valerie is 18 months old. Her productive vocabulary probably consists of

answer

at 10 months old speech consists of mainly telegraphic speech fast mapping

question

107. Fast mapping is

answer

process by which children map a word on to an underlying concept after only one exposure

question

108. Overextension occurs when

answer

apple meaning fruit say specific thing meaning broad thing

question

109. Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child

answer

incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than tis meant to-says doll referring to one specific toy.

question

110. Metalinguistic awareness refers to

answer

ability to reflect on use of language

question

111. Evidence from research studies investigating bilingualism suggest that

answer

bilangualism hampers language development and has a negative impact on youngsters educational process. Little empirical support that bilingualism has a serious negative effect

question

112. Pinker and Bloom (1992) suggest that human language may be a result of evolutionary processes because language allows humans to

answer

acquire information about the worlds second hand

question

113. According to Skinner, children learn a language

answer

through imitation and reinforcement

question

114. Noam Chomsky contended that

answer

unreasonable to expect children learn language through imitation children learn rules of language or that inborn propensity to develop language

question

115. You are having a conversation with your psychology professor and he proposes that your language determines the nature of your thought. Which theorist would agree with his assertions?

answer

Benjamin Lee Whorf - languistic relativity, the hypothesis that ones language determines your thought

question

116. Functional fixedness refers to

answer

tendency to assume a given item is only useful for task it was designed

question

117. A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem is

answer

algorithym

question

118. A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as

answer

heuristic

question

119. The concept of field dependence-independence highlights the importance of ____ in determining problem-solving skills.

answer

cultural factors

question

120. The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

answer

believe, avoid

question

121. The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

answer

judge objects and events in terms of how closely they math the prototype of that object or event

question

122. ____ tests measure general mental ability and ____ tests measure various aspects of people including motives, interests, values and attitudes.

answer

intelligence,personality

question

123. The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?

answer

achievement! OMG.

question

124. The fact that a test is given with uniform procedures in administration and scoring means that the test has been

answer

standardized

question

125. The fact that two people taking the same test in two different places will receive the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits means that the test has been

answer

standardization all subjects get same instructions, questions and time

question

126. If a test yields nearly identical scores when it is retaken after a 2-month interval, the test is said to be

answer

reliability measurement consistency of a test

question

127. Which of the following represents the strongest test-retest reliability for a test?

answer

correlation coefficient strongest test retest reliability

question

128. A valid test is one that

answer

measures what its designed to measure

question

129. Which theorist set out to improve on the measurement of intelligence in adults with an intelligence test with two major innovations; the first was that the score was less dependent on a subject's verbal ability and the second was the use of a deviation intelligence quotient?

answer

Wechsler improve measurement of intelligence in adults

question

130. Currently, the test that is most commonly used to assess adult intelligence is the

answer

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) most common measure of intelligence in adults

question

131. Who was originally responsible for developing IQ tests for all ages with both verbal and performance items and with subtest scores?

answer

Weshler

question

132. The correlation between IQ scores and performance within a particular occupation is best described as

answer

higher IQ = high status job

question

133. The vast majority of retarded people are classified as

answer

majority of retarted peole are classified as mildly retarted.

question

134. The environmental hypothesis suggests that mental retardation is

answer

retardation is an affect of enviornment factors

question

135. Terman's longitudinal study of gifted individuals has shown that gifted children

answer

Termans study showed that gifted children exhibit better than average physical health, emotional stability, social satisfaction, height weight strength and social maturity

question

136. Which of the following statements regarding giftedness and achievement in life is most accurate?

answer

the fast majority of gifted children dont grow up live very successfully

question

137. The consensus among most researchers is that the heritability of intelligence is

answer

heritability of intelligence is 50%

question

138. The Flynn effect is the finding that

answer

environmental factors level of performance required to earn a score of 100, jumped upward every time tests were reformed

question

139. According to the reaction range model, children

answer

in good environments have high IQs genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits

question

140. According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence can be divided into three major parts. These three

answer

analytical creative and practical intelligence

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