AP Psych: Chapter 9- Treatment of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards
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Compare the methods of psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and the eclectic approach in how they are used to treat psychological disorders
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Psychotherapy: treatment involving psychological techniques: interactions between the trained therapist and one seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal personal growth Biomedical Therapy: perscribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on a patient's nervous system Eclectic Approach: depends on patient's problems, uses techniques from other forms of therapy
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What was Freud's goal with psychoanalytic therapy?
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to bring repressed feelings into patients' conscious awareness
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What is one of the main techniques utilized in psychoanalytic therapy?
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free association- relax, allow you to focus on your thoughts, say aloud whatever comes to mind
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According to psychoanalytic theory, what role does resistance play in therapy?
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the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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How does psychoanalyst's interpretation of your resistance offer insight into the cause of your disorder or conflicts?
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they will notice your resistances and interpret their meaning (as to your underlying wishes, feelings and conflicts)
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Explain transference in psychoanalytic therapy
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the patients' transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (love or hatred for a parent, ect.)
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Describe how psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis
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views individuals as responding to unconsious forces and childhood experiences that seeks to enhance self-insight
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In what way are psychodynamic and humanistic therapies similar?
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they attempt to reduce inner conflicts that hinder growth by providing new insights
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List the ways in which humanistic therapy differs from psychoanalytic therapy
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-focus on present and future rather than past -conscious rather than unconscious thoughts -take immediate responsibility for feelings and actions -promote growth rather than cure illness
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Which traits do humanistic therapists use in therapy?
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Genuineness: no facades, express true feelings Acceptance: allow clients to feel uncondtionally accepted Empathy: sense and reflect clients' feelings
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Why does Rogers believe that active listening would be helpful in treating clients?
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echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses and acknowledging these feelings allows people to realize they possess resources for growth -paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect their feelings
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Explain how unconditional positive regard is used as a tool in therapy by humanistic psychologists
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a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
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Explain one key manner in which behavioral therapies differ from insight/Freudian therapies
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they don't believe in the power of self-awareness and how it diminishes psychological problems
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Define counterconditioning
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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
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Briefly summarize Mary Cover Jones' 1924 work with counterconditioning
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a boy scared of rabbits and other furry objects learned to associate them with the relaxed feeling of eating by exposing him to both stimuli at once
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Reflecting on the the story of little Albert, how might Cover Jone's counterconditioning be used to replace Albert's fear of small, white furry objects?
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present white furry objects with a stimulus Little Albert finds enjoyable, so he'll learn to associate them
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Discuss Joseph Wolpe's work with exposure therapies and explain how they are used to treat anxiety or phobias
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exposes people to what they normally avoid -with repeated exposure, one can become less anxiously responsive to things that scare them
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Detail the steps in which systematic desensitization would be used by a behavior therapist
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exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias)
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How does progressive relaxation help those going thorugh exposure therapy?
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ability to relax one muscle group after another until you achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort
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Describe how virtual reality exposure therapy is being used to treat anxiety
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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears
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How does aversive conditioning differ from systemation desensitization?
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type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior
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Explain the way in which therapy based on operant conditioning principles works
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behavior modification: reinforcing desired behaviors and punishing/not rewarding undesired ones -shaping: rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviors)
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Explain how a token economy can be utilized to impact and change behavior. What are the concerns with using this method?
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operant conditioning: procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange them for various reinforcements
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Discuss the assumptions that cognitive therapy relies onto explain disorders
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teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting: based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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Explain how Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy addresses illogical thinking?
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getting people to change what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking
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Explain the goals and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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What are the benefits of group therapy?
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-saves therapist's time, client's money, often no less effective than one-on-one social context allows people to discover other's similar problems and receive feedback
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Why is group therapy often more accessible for those seeking treatment?
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more affordable
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Explain the three reasons the client's perception of the success of therapy may not be valid
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1. People often enter therapy in crisis (despite a crisis passing itself, one may give credit to therapy) 2. Clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort (self-justification) 3. Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists (the therapist works hard to help, did their best, ect.)
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Describe the findings of the Massachusetts experiment that support the unreliability of a client's perceptions of treatment
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two groups of troublesome teens, one which received conseling, exhibited similar criminal records when older, but gave unintentionally deceiving testimonials for their therapists growing up
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In what way are clinician's perspectives on the success of treatment equally unreliable?
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a client will not return typically after being treated and relapsing, although marked a success. Clinicians only experience the aftermath of satisfied clients
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How are studies being conducted today to attempt to address the question: is psychotherapy effective? What statistical procedure is used in the studies?
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Randomized Clinical Trials: randomly assigning people to therapy or no therapy for later evaluation Meta-analysis: a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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Summarize the answer to the question: Is psychotherapy effective? taking into acount client perceptions, clinician perceptions, and outcome research
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"Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve"
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psychopharmacology
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study of drug effects on mind and behavior
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What's the function of the drugs used as antipsychotics?
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treats schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders -Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) -Clozapine (CLozani) -Abilify
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What's the function of the drugs used as antianxiety meds?
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control anxiety and agitation -Xanax -Ativan -D-Cyclosenne
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What's the function of the drugs used as antidepressant?
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treat depression and anxiety -Prozac -Zoloft -Paxil
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What's the function of the drugs used as mood stabilizers?
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helps bipolar disorder -Lithium -Depakote
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What is the method of operation of neurotransmitter activity for antipsychotics?
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-block dopamine activity -seratonin receptors
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What is the method of operation or neurotransmitter activity for antianxiety meds?
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depress central nervous system
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What is the method of operation or neurotransmitter activity for antidepressants?
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increase availibity of norepinephrine or serotonin -SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitions
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What is the method of operation of neurotransmitter activity for mood stabilizers?
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releases more sertonin, norepineprinne, endorphins
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What are the side effects of antipsychotics?
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-sluggishness -tremors -twitches -tardive dyskinesia (involuntary facial muscle movements)
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What are the side effects of antianxiety?
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-drug and psychological dependence -increased anxiety, insomnia, after quitting -substance abuse
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What are the side effects of antidepressant?
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-dry mouth -weight gain -hypertension -dizzy spells -diminished sexual desire
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What are the side effects of mood stabilizers?
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-suicide -decrease mood
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How successful are antipsychotics?
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paired with life-skill programs and family support, very successful
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How successful are antianxiety meds?
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beginning to be replaced by antidepressant; don't resolve underlying problems
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How successful are antidepressants?
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fewer suicides, fairly successful: improve, don't resolve
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How successful are mood stabilizers?
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70% effective
