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developmental psycholgy

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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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zygote

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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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embryo

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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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fetus

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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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teratogens

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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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rooting reflex

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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

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habituation

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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maturation

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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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schema

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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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assimilation

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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

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accommodation

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Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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cognition

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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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sensorimotor stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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object permanence

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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preoperational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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conservation

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the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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egocentrism

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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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theory of mind

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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

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autism

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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

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concrete operational stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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formal operational stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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critical period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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basic trust

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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self-concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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puberty

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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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primary sex characteristics

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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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secondary sex characteristics

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nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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menarche

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the first menstrual period

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identity

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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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intimacy

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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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menopause

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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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alzheimer's disease

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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

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cross-sectional study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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fluid intelligence

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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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social clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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What are Piagets 4 Stages?

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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

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Sensorimotor Stage

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-birth to 2 -experience world through senses -object permanance

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Preoperational Stage

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-2 to 6 -represent things with words and images but lack logical reasoning and conservation -are egocentric and form Theory of Mind

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Concrete Operational Stage

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-7 to 11 -grasp conservation and gain mental abilities for learning

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Formal Operational Stage

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-12 to adulthood -have abstract reasoning and thinking -solve hypothetical propositions

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Three Parenting Styles

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Authoritarian, Permissive and Authoritative

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Authoritarian Parents

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impose rules and expect obedience

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Permissive Parents

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submit to their children's desires and make few demands using little punishment

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Authoritative Parents

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demanding and responsive; exert control not only b setting rules and enforcing them but also by encouraging open discussions about expectations

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Konrad Lorenz explored the idea of

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imprinting

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Children ____ imprint on people

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do not

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For kids _______ is a safety signal and breeds content

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familiarity

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Harry Harlow explored the idea of

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attachment

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Harlow used ______ to experiment his studies of _____

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monkeys; attachment

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Babies become attached to parents who are ____ and___. Also who fulfill their ______

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warm and soft; needs.

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When do nerve cells form ?

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before birth

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Piaget's Test of Conservation

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He had beakers filled with water and switched containers making it look like water was lost and gained.

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DeLoache's experiment tested children's childhood and

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symbolic understanding

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What was the flaw in DeLoache's experiment?

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she hid the snoopys in different places

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The ______ ________ shows that babies that crawl for a month or more understand and develop depth perception

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visual cliff

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Object Permanence is

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the idea that objects still exist when hidden

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For babies, looking at something is considered

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silent speech

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Lawrence Kohlberg described the development of

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Moral Reasoning

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Moral Reasoning is

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the thinking that occurs wen we consider right and wrong

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Preconventional Morality

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obey to avoid punishment or gain rewards

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Conventional Morality

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care for others and uphold laws and rules for SOCIAL APPROVAL

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Postconventional Morality

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peoples agreed upon rights and basic ethical behaviors

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Old people become more susceptible to _____ illness

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short-term

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After menopause, most women feel

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a new sense of freedom

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Compared to males, females are more likely to base their sense of personal identity on their

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social relationships

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The critical period refers to

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a restricted time for learning

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Longitudinal tests

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study the same people at different times

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Underlying the symptoms of Alzheimer's is a

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deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylchline

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menarche

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first period

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Infancy Stage (Erikson)

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(birth-1 year)Trust vs Mistrust - if needs are met, infants develop trust

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Adolescence Stage (Erikson)

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(teens -20s) Identity vs Role Confusion-finding who you are verse who you think you should be

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Late Adulthood (Erikson)

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(late 60s and up) Integrity vs Despair- reflecting on life

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Erik Erikson theorized that adolescence is

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solidifying ones sense of self

AP Psych Chapter 4

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