Question 1

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

Accepted Answer

Experience

Question 2

Classical and operant conditioning both illustrate:

Accepted Answer

Associative learning

Question 3

Classical conditioning is to ____ associations as operant conditioning is to ____ associations.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus-Stimulus; Stimulus-Response

Question 4

Who was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of observable behavior?

Accepted Answer

Watson

Question 5

John B. Watson emphasized that:

Accepted Answer

Learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Question 6

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 7

Salivation to the food in the mouth is what?

Accepted Answer

UCR of ringing a bell-dog salivating based on bell ringing regularly associating with food in the mouth

Question 8

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove is:

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned response

Question 9

Pavlov\'s experiment: The taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog\'s mouth was the:

Accepted Answer

UCS

Question 10

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail. The female quail is a:

Accepted Answer

UCS

Question 11

A dog\'s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned response

Question 12

Salivation to the sound of a tone is what in Pavlov\'s experiment on the salivary conditioning of dogs, what is the name for it?

Accepted Answer

CR

Question 13

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a cat to salivate because the can opener has been associated with the presentation of food, the cat\'s salivation to the sound of the can opener is a:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned response

Question 14

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rta was associated with a loud noise. Fear of the white rat is a:

Accepted Answer

CR

Question 15

In Pavlov\'s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS is:

Accepted Answer

The sound of tone

Question 16

The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:

Accepted Answer

Acquisition

Question 17

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

Accepted Answer

Shortly before the UCS

Question 18

When a CS is not followed by a UCS the subsequent fading of a CR is called:

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 19

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 20

Spontaneous is evidence that a ___ is not completely eliminated during extinction?

Accepted Answer

CR

Question 21

The _____ for a ____ to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is generalization.

Accepted Answer

Tendency for a CR

Question 22

2 yr. old Phillip was recently clawed by the neighbor\'s cat. Phillips newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 23

Some of Pavlov\'s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This is the process of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 24

Operant conditioning:

Accepted Answer

The learning associations between one\'s own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant.

Question 25

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. What change of behavior:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning

Question 26

Operant conditioning was most closely associated with who?

Accepted Answer

Skinner

Question 27

Law of effect refers to the tendency to:

Accepted Answer

Repeat behaviors that are rewarded

Question 28

Respondent behavior is to _______ as Operant behavior is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov and Skinner

Question 29

Process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is:

Accepted Answer

Shaping

Question 30

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

Accepted Answer

Shaping

Question 31

Teachers who effectively shape their students\' study habits are most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Reinforce even minor improvements in students\' study skills

Question 32

Because Carol wold always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a ____ for crying.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 33

More often Matt is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In case, the scolding serves as a _______ for Matt\'s temper tantrums.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 34

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _______ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Negative

Question 35

A negative reinforcer tends to ____- the behavior it follows:

Accepted Answer

Strengthen

Question 36

Julie has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Negative

Question 37

Innately satisfying stimuli that satisfy biological needs are called ______ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Primary

Question 38

What is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Cold root beer for the mowing the lawn on a hot day

Question 39

Both the receipt of monetary rewards and the suspension of the monetary fines most clearly serve as ______ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Conditioned

Question 40

As a hungry dog runs ever closer toward a bowl of food, the less likely it is to stope running until it reaches the food. That dog\'s running behavior is most strongly affected by ______ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Immediate

Question 41

Intermittent reinforcement is associated with _____ acquisition and _______ extinction than continuous reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Slower, slower

Question 42

A trainer wants to train a chicked to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and also to be resistant to extinction, she should use _____ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Continuous; partial

Question 43

People paid on a piecework basis are renforced on a ___ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Fixed- ratio

Question 44

Jennifer edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $5 for every three pages she edits. Jennifer is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Fixed-Ratio

Question 45

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a:

Accepted Answer

Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

Question 46

Which behaviors are typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Accepted Answer

Inserting coins into a slot machine

Question 47

Basketball players are typically reinforced with game points for their shots on a _______ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Variable-Ratio

Question 48

What decreases the recurrence of the behavior it follows?

Accepted Answer

Punishment

Question 49

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ____ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ______.

Accepted Answer

Punishment, reinforcement

Question 50

In explaining prosocial behavior, Skinner would ost likely have emphasized:

Accepted Answer

The beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior

Question 51

Bandura\'s experiments indicate that ____ is important in the process of learning.

Accepted Answer

Moldeling

Question 52

Euorpean Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis and civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who:

Accepted Answer

Modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

Question 53

The process of getting information into memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Question 54

The process of retrieval refers to:

Accepted Answer

Getting information out of memory storage

Question 55

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Long-term

Question 56

Short-term memory is ______ permanent and _____ limited than long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Less; more

Question 57

After looking up his friend\'s phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ___ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term

Question 58

The three-stage processing model suggests that information from long-term memory can be ____ into ____ memory.

Accepted Answer

retrieved; short-term

Question 59

Hasher and Zacks observed that people recall the frequency of specific words in a list just as accurately whether or not they are forewarned of the recall task prior to seeing the list. This finds evidence for:

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing

Question 60

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person\'s name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal

Question 61

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus

Question 62

Ebbinghaus\'s retention curve best illustrates the value of:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal

Question 63

Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires:

Accepted Answer

effortful processing

Question 64

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect

AP Psych Chap. 8&9 – Flashcards

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