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AP Psych Chap. 8&9 – Flashcards

Jazzlyn Sampson

7 July 2022

question

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

answer

Experience

question

Classical and operant conditioning both illustrate:

answer

Associative learning

question

Classical conditioning is to ____ associations as operant conditioning is to ____ associations.

answer

Stimulus-Stimulus; Stimulus-Response

question

Who was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of observable behavior?

answer

Watson

question

John B. Watson emphasized that:

answer

Learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

question

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

answer

Pavlov

question

Salivation to the food in the mouth is what?

answer

UCR of ringing a bell-dog salivating based on bell ringing regularly associating with food in the mouth

question

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove is:

answer

An unconditioned response

question

Pavlov's experiment: The taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the:

answer

UCS

question

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail. The female quail is a:

answer

UCS

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a:

answer

Conditioned response

question

Salivation to the sound of a tone is what in Pavlov's experiment on the salivary conditioning of dogs, what is the name for it?

answer

question

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a cat to salivate because the can opener has been associated with the presentation of food, the cat's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a:

answer

Conditioned response

question

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rta was associated with a loud noise. Fear of the white rat is a:

answer

question

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS is:

answer

The sound of tone

question

The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:

answer

Acquisition

question

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

answer

Shortly before the UCS

question

When a CS is not followed by a UCS the subsequent fading of a CR is called:

answer

Extinction

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Spontaneous is evidence that a ___ is not completely eliminated during extinction?

answer

question

The _____ for a ____ to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is generalization.

answer

Tendency for a CR

question

2 yr. old Phillip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Phillips newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of:

answer

Generalization

question

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This is the process of:

answer

Discrimination

question

Operant conditioning:

answer

The learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant.

question

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. What change of behavior:

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Operant conditioning was most closely associated with who?

answer

Skinner

question

Law of effect refers to the tendency to:

answer

Repeat behaviors that are rewarded

question

Respondent behavior is to _______ as Operant behavior is to ________.

answer

Pavlov and Skinner

question

Process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is:

answer

Shaping

question

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

answer

Shaping

question

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to:

answer

Reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills

question

Because Carol wold always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a ____ for crying.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

More often Matt is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In case, the scolding serves as a _______ for Matt's temper tantrums.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _______ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

A negative reinforcer tends to ____- the behavior it follows:

answer

Strengthen

question

Julie has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

Innately satisfying stimuli that satisfy biological needs are called ______ reinforcers.

answer

Primary

question

What is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

answer

Cold root beer for the mowing the lawn on a hot day

question

Both the receipt of monetary rewards and the suspension of the monetary fines most clearly serve as ______ reinforcers.

answer

Conditioned

question

As a hungry dog runs ever closer toward a bowl of food, the less likely it is to stope running until it reaches the food. That dog's running behavior is most strongly affected by ______ reinforcers.

answer

Immediate

question

Intermittent reinforcement is associated with _____ acquisition and _______ extinction than continuous reinforcement.

answer

Slower, slower

question

A trainer wants to train a chicked to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and also to be resistant to extinction, she should use _____ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of _____ reinforcement.

answer

Continuous; partial

question

People paid on a piecework basis are renforced on a ___ schedule.

answer

Fixed- ratio

question

Jennifer edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $5 for every three pages she edits. Jennifer is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

answer

Fixed-Ratio

question

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a:

answer

Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

question

Which behaviors are typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

answer

Inserting coins into a slot machine

question

Basketball players are typically reinforced with game points for their shots on a _______ schedule.

answer

Variable-Ratio

question

What decreases the recurrence of the behavior it follows?

answer

Punishment

question

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ____ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ______.

answer

Punishment, reinforcement

question

In explaining prosocial behavior, Skinner would ost likely have emphasized:

answer

The beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior

question

Bandura's experiments indicate that ____ is important in the process of learning.

answer

Moldeling

question

Euorpean Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis and civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who:

answer

Modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

question

The process of getting information into memory is called:

answer

Encoding

question

The process of retrieval refers to:

answer

Getting information out of memory storage

question

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ____ memory.

answer

Long-term

question

Short-term memory is ______ permanent and _____ limited than long-term memory.

answer

Less; more

question

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ___ memory.

answer

Short-term

question

The three-stage processing model suggests that information from long-term memory can be ____ into ____ memory.

answer

retrieved; short-term

question

Hasher and Zacks observed that people recall the frequency of specific words in a list just as accurately whether or not they are forewarned of the recall task prior to seeing the list. This finds evidence for:

answer

Automatic processing

question

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called:

answer

Rehearsal

question

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Ebbinghaus's retention curve best illustrates the value of:

answer

Rehearsal

question

Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires:

answer

effortful processing

question

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

answer

The spacing effect

question

Students often remember more information fro a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. this best illustrates the importance of :

answer

The spacing effect

question

On the telephone, Melvin rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Pilar to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Pilar attempts wrie down the items. Se is most likely to forget the items:

answer

In the middle of the list

question

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of :

answer

Rehearsal

question

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to be:

answer

Serial position effect

question

Most people misrecall the sentence, " the angry rioter threw the rock at the window " as "the angry rioter threw the rock through the window." Importance of

answer

Semantic encoding

question

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called:

answer

Semantic encoding

question

Wei Dong asked to momorize a long list of words that included " ship, effort, professor and inquire." He later later recalled these words as "boat, work, teacher, and question." This for original words had been encoded

answer

Semantically

question

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of:

answer

Acoustic encoding

question

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as____ is to ____.

answer

meaning; imagery

question

We remember words that lend themselves to mental images better than we remember abstract low-imagery words.

answer

Visual encoding

question

Memories aid that involve the use of vivid imagery or clever ways of organizing material called:

answer

mnemonic devices

question

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item as a t a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

answer

The method of loci

question

The organization of information into meaningful units is:

answer

Chunking

question

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of:

answer

Chunking

question

The letters y m o m r e are presented Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word memory. This provides:

answer

Chunking

question

Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of:

answer

Chunking

question

By presenting research participants with the three rows of three of three letters for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated taht people have ____ memory.

answer

iconic

question

Iconic memory refers to:

answer

Photographic, or picture -image, memory that lasts for only about a second.

question

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a brief moment later because of our ____ memory.

answer

Echoic

question

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ___ is to ____.

answer

Visual stimulation, auditory stimulation

question

Our immediate short-term memory for new materil is limited to roughly ____ units of information.

answer

question

Short-term memory is slightly better:

answer

For auditory information than for visual information

question

the human capacity for storing long-term memories is:

answer

essentially unlimited

question

Conscious memory of factual information is called _______ memory.

answer

Explicit

question

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recolletion of how or when those fears were learned. This illustrates ______ memory.

answer

implicit

question

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ______ is to _____.

answer

Skill memory; fact memory

question

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn:

answer

the names of the fifty U. S.

question

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likeely that he has suffered damage to his:

answer

Hippocampus

question

Professor Maslova ahas so many vivid memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

The spacing effect

question

Why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficault as his research career progressed?

answer

Proactive interference

question

Retroactive interference refers to

answer

Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material.

question

After studying biology all afternoon, Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture e heard that morning. Abba's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

retroactive interference

question

In order to reduce interference, between the time you study for a test and the time you take the test you should:

answer

Sleep

question

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other the observers developed memories of the accident that:

answer

Portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

question

An attorney's use of misleading questions may distort a court witnesss's recall of a previously observed crime.

answer

The misinformation effect

question

Compared to false memories, true memories are more likely to:

answer

Contain detailed information

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Unlock answers

question

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

answer

Experience

question

Classical and operant conditioning both illustrate:

answer

Associative learning

question

Classical conditioning is to ____ associations as operant conditioning is to ____ associations.

answer

Stimulus-Stimulus; Stimulus-Response

question

Who was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of observable behavior?

answer

Watson

question

John B. Watson emphasized that:

answer

Learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

question

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

answer

Pavlov

question

Salivation to the food in the mouth is what?

answer

UCR of ringing a bell-dog salivating based on bell ringing regularly associating with food in the mouth

question

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove is:

answer

An unconditioned response

question

Pavlov's experiment: The taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the:

answer

UCS

question

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail. The female quail is a:

answer

UCS

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a:

answer

Conditioned response

question

Salivation to the sound of a tone is what in Pavlov's experiment on the salivary conditioning of dogs, what is the name for it?

answer

question

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a cat to salivate because the can opener has been associated with the presentation of food, the cat's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a:

answer

Conditioned response

question

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rta was associated with a loud noise. Fear of the white rat is a:

answer

question

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS is:

answer

The sound of tone

question

The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:

answer

Acquisition

question

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

answer

Shortly before the UCS

question

When a CS is not followed by a UCS the subsequent fading of a CR is called:

answer

Extinction

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Spontaneous is evidence that a ___ is not completely eliminated during extinction?

answer

question

The _____ for a ____ to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is generalization.

answer

Tendency for a CR

question

2 yr. old Phillip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Phillips newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of:

answer

Generalization

question

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This is the process of:

answer

Discrimination

question

Operant conditioning:

answer

The learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant.

question

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. What change of behavior:

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Operant conditioning was most closely associated with who?

answer

Skinner

question

Law of effect refers to the tendency to:

answer

Repeat behaviors that are rewarded

question

Respondent behavior is to _______ as Operant behavior is to ________.

answer

Pavlov and Skinner

question

Process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is:

answer

Shaping

question

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

answer

Shaping

question

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to:

answer

Reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills

question

Because Carol wold always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a ____ for crying.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

More often Matt is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In case, the scolding serves as a _______ for Matt's temper tantrums.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _______ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

A negative reinforcer tends to ____- the behavior it follows:

answer

Strengthen

question

Julie has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

answer

Negative

question

Innately satisfying stimuli that satisfy biological needs are called ______ reinforcers.

answer

Primary

question

What is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

answer

Cold root beer for the mowing the lawn on a hot day

question

Both the receipt of monetary rewards and the suspension of the monetary fines most clearly serve as ______ reinforcers.

answer

Conditioned

question

As a hungry dog runs ever closer toward a bowl of food, the less likely it is to stope running until it reaches the food. That dog's running behavior is most strongly affected by ______ reinforcers.

answer

Immediate

question

Intermittent reinforcement is associated with _____ acquisition and _______ extinction than continuous reinforcement.

answer

Slower, slower

question

answer

Continuous; partial

question

People paid on a piecework basis are renforced on a ___ schedule.

answer

Fixed- ratio

question

Jennifer edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $5 for every three pages she edits. Jennifer is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

answer

Fixed-Ratio

question

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a:

answer

Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

question

Which behaviors are typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

answer

Inserting coins into a slot machine

question

Basketball players are typically reinforced with game points for their shots on a _______ schedule.

answer

Variable-Ratio

question

What decreases the recurrence of the behavior it follows?

answer

Punishment

question

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ____ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ______.

answer

Punishment, reinforcement

question

In explaining prosocial behavior, Skinner would ost likely have emphasized:

answer

The beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior

question

Bandura's experiments indicate that ____ is important in the process of learning.

answer

Moldeling

question

Euorpean Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis and civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who:

answer

Modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

question

The process of getting information into memory is called:

answer

Encoding

question

The process of retrieval refers to:

answer

Getting information out of memory storage

question

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ____ memory.

answer

Long-term

question

Short-term memory is ______ permanent and _____ limited than long-term memory.

answer

Less; more

question

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ___ memory.

answer

Short-term

question

The three-stage processing model suggests that information from long-term memory can be ____ into ____ memory.

answer

retrieved; short-term

question

answer

Automatic processing

question

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called:

answer

Rehearsal

question

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Ebbinghaus's retention curve best illustrates the value of:

answer

Rehearsal

question

Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires:

answer

effortful processing

question

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

answer

The spacing effect

question

answer

The spacing effect

question

answer

In the middle of the list

question

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of :

answer

Rehearsal

question

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to be:

answer

Serial position effect

question

Most people misrecall the sentence, " the angry rioter threw the rock at the window " as "the angry rioter threw the rock through the window." Importance of

answer

Semantic encoding

question

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called:

answer

Semantic encoding

question

answer

Semantically

question

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of:

answer

Acoustic encoding

question

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as____ is to ____.

answer

meaning; imagery

question

We remember words that lend themselves to mental images better than we remember abstract low-imagery words.

answer

Visual encoding

question

Memories aid that involve the use of vivid imagery or clever ways of organizing material called:

answer

mnemonic devices

question

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item as a t a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

answer

The method of loci

question

The organization of information into meaningful units is:

answer

Chunking

question

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of:

answer

Chunking

question

The letters y m o m r e are presented Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word memory. This provides:

answer

Chunking

question

Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of:

answer

Chunking

question

By presenting research participants with the three rows of three of three letters for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated taht people have ____ memory.

answer

iconic

question

Iconic memory refers to:

answer

Photographic, or picture -image, memory that lasts for only about a second.

question

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a brief moment later because of our ____ memory.

answer

Echoic

question

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ___ is to ____.

answer

Visual stimulation, auditory stimulation

question

Our immediate short-term memory for new materil is limited to roughly ____ units of information.

answer

question

Short-term memory is slightly better:

answer

For auditory information than for visual information

question

the human capacity for storing long-term memories is:

answer

essentially unlimited

question

Conscious memory of factual information is called _______ memory.

answer

Explicit

question

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recolletion of how or when those fears were learned. This illustrates ______ memory.

answer

implicit

question

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ______ is to _____.

answer

Skill memory; fact memory

question

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn:

answer

the names of the fifty U. S.

question

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likeely that he has suffered damage to his:

answer

Hippocampus

question

Professor Maslova ahas so many vivid memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

The spacing effect

question

Why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficault as his research career progressed?

answer

Proactive interference

question

Retroactive interference refers to

answer

Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material.

question

After studying biology all afternoon, Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture e heard that morning. Abba's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

retroactive interference

question

In order to reduce interference, between the time you study for a test and the time you take the test you should:

answer

Sleep

question

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other the observers developed memories of the accident that:

answer

Portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

question

An attorney's use of misleading questions may distort a court witnesss's recall of a previously observed crime.

answer

The misinformation effect

question

Compared to false memories, true memories are more likely to:

answer

Contain detailed information

AP Psych Chap. 8&9 – Flashcards

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