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Therapy

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Treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

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Psychotherapy

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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.

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Biomedical therapy

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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

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Insight therapies

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Therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings

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Action therapy

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Therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

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Psychoanalysis

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An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts

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Manifest content

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The actual content of one's dream

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Latent content

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The symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams

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Free association

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Psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations

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Resistance

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Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent

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Transference

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In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist

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Directive

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Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions

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Nondirective

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Therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks

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Person-centered therapy

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A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

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Reflection

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Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements

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Unconditional positive regard

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Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy

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Empathy

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The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client

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Authenticity

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The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client

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Gestalt therapy

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Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

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Behavior therapies

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Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior

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Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis

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The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

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Systematic desensitization

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Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears

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Aversion therapy

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Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

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Flooding

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Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response

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Modeling

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Learning through the observation and imitation of others

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Participant modeling

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Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model

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Reinforcement

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The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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Token economy

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The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

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Contingency contract

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A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated

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Extinction

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The removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior

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Time-out

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An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities

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Cognitive therapy

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Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts

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Arbitrary inference

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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence

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Selective thinking

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Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects

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Magnification and minimization

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Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)

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Personalization

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Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

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Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

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Overgeneralization

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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

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Family counseling (family therapy)

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A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family

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Self-help groups (support groups)

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A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

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Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)

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Controversial form of therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory

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Eclectic therapies

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Therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques

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Therapeutic alliance

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The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding

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Cybertherapy

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Psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet. Also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling

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Biomedical therapies

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Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain

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Psychopharmacology

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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders

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Antipsychotic drugs

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Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior

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Antianxiety drugs

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Drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers

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Antidepressant drugs

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Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion

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Bilateral ECT

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Electroconvulsive therapy in which the electrodes are placed on both sides of the head

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Unilateral ECT

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Electroconvulsive therapy in which the electrodes are placed on only one side of the head and the forehead

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Psychosurgery

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Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders

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Prefrontal lobotomy

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Psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed

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Bilateral cingulotomy

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Psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the cingulated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current

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Psychodynamic therapy

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A newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach

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Antimanic drugs

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Used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drug

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Counterconditioning

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Replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus

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Psychodynamic therapy

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A newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach

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Type of therapy: Psychodynamic therapy

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*Goal: Insight *Key people: Freud

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Type of therapy: Person-centered therapy

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*Goal: Insight *Key people: Rogers

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Type of therapy: Gestalt therapy

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*Goal: Insight *Key people: Perls

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Type of therapy: Behavior therapy

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*Goal: Action *Key people: Watson, Jones, Skinner, Bandura

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Type of therapy: Cognitive therapy

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*Goal: Action *Key people: Beck

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Type of therapy: CBT

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*Goal: Action *Key people: Various professionals

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Type of therapy: REBT

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*Goal: Action *Key people: Ellis

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Classification: Antipsychotic: Typical Neuroleptic

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*Treatment areas: + (excessive) symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations *Side effects: Motor problems, tardive dyskinesia *Examples: Chlorpromazine, Droperidol, Haloperidol

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Classification: Antipsychotic: Atypical Neuroleptic

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*Treatment areas: + & some - symptoms of psychoses *Side effects: Fewer than typical neuroleptics; clozapine may cause serious blood disorder *Examples: Risperidone, Clozapine, Aripiprazole

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Classification: Antianxiety: Minor Tranquilizers

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*Treatment areas: Symptoms of anxiety & phobic reactions *Side effects: Slight sedative effect; potential for physical dependence *Examples: Xanax, Ativan, Valium

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Classification: Antimanic

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*Treatment areas: Manic behavior *Side effects: Potential for toxic buildup *Examples: Lithium, anticonvulsant drugs

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Classification: Antidepressants: MAOIs

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*Treatment areas: Depression *Side effects: Weight gain, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, some sexual arousal disorders *Examples: Iproniazid, Isocarboxazid, Phenelzine sulfite, Tranylcypromine sulfate

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Classification: Antidepressants: Tricyclics

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*Treatment areas: Depression *Side effects: Skin rashes, blurred vision, lowered blood pressure, weight loss *Examples: Imipramine, Desipramine, Amitriptyline, Doxepin

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Classification: Antidepressants: SSRIs

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*Treatment areas: Depression *Side effects: Nausea, nervousness, insomnia, diarrhea, rash, agitation, some sexual arousal problems *Examples: Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine

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E. all of the above

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Insight therapies work by increasing an individual's understanding of his/her own A. thoughts. B. behaviors. C. coping mechanisms. D. emotions. E. all of the above

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D. the use of ECT.

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All of the following would be considered psychotherapy EXCEPT A. aversion therapy. B. cognitive therapy C. gestalt therapy. D. the use of ECT. E. humanistic therapy.

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C. free association

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Which of the following is a technique used in psychodynamic therapy? A. participant modeling B. flooding C. free association D. unconditional positive regard E. reflection

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D. all of the above

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Which of the following is used in psychoanalysis? A. dream analysis B. transference C. resistance D. all of the above E. choices A and C only

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A. transference

answer

Daniel is usually very polite and cordial to his psychoanalyst. Rarely does he become angry or raise his voice. However, when his analyst brought up his relationship with his mother the other day during their session, Daniel became rude and belligerent. Daniel's way of acting toward his analyst is referred to as ________ A. transference B. aversion therapy C. reflection D. rational-emotive therapy E. conditions of worth

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B. resistance

answer

Zoe's therapist notices that Zoe changes the topic whenever her mother is brought up. Additionally, when her mother is brought up, Zoe is always late to her next therapy session. Zoe is demonstrating the phenomenon Freud labeled ______ A. flooding B. resistance C. free association D. aversion therapy E. transference

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E. the therapist plays the role of the 'expert."

answer

All of the following are true regarding person-centered therapy EXCEPT A. empathy is used by the therapist. B. reflection of content is used by the therapist. C. it was developed by Carl Rogers. D. it is a nondirective type of therapy. E. the therapist plays the role of the 'expert."

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E. choices A and C

answer

Which of the following are techniques used by a person—centered therapist? A. unconditional positive regard B. conditions of worth C. reflection D. all of the above E. choices A and C

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E. it is nondirective therapy.

answer

All of the following are true of gestalt therapy EXCEPT A. the goal is to become more self-accepting and authentic. B. it encourages people to take responsibility of their behaviors. C. it was developed by Fritz Pens. D. it utilizes the empty chair technique. E. it is nondirective therapy.

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E. all of the above

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Interpersonal therapy can be effective in resolving which of the following struggles? A. poor interpersonal skills B. adjusting to a forced career change C. arguments or disputes with others D. a severe case of bereavement E. all of the above

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A. interpersonal therapy

answer

Luisine lost his wife to cancer about four months ago. Still, he seems unable to pull himself together and live his life. His adult children fear that he is developing a depression and is getting worse as opposed to feeling better. Which type of therapy would Luisine benefit from MOST? A. interpersonal therapy B. couples therapy C. family therapy D. systematic desensitization E. psychodynamic therapy

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E. it is usually more expensive than individual therapy, but most feel it is well worth the extra cost.

answer

All of the following are benefits of group therapy EXCEPT A. it gives individuals an opportunity to express themselves and be heard by others who may be feeling the same way. B. it often helps members to feel less alone and less ashamed about their struggles. C. individuals in the group may experience helpful feedback from other members in the group. D. it offers a sense of comfort and belonging to the individuals in the group. E. it is usually more expensive than individual therapy, but most feel it is well worth the extra cost.

question

C. behavior; behavior modification

answer

Tanisha is a therapist who works with individuals displaying poor social skills. In treatment, she uses reinforcements to bring about more adaptive responses in her clients. Tanisha is a _______therapist using ______ in her therapy sessions to help treat the individuals. A. cognitive; rational-emotive therapy B. biological; ECT C. behavior; behavior modification D. humanistic; reflection E. psychoanalytic; resistance

question

B. A token economy

answer

_______ is utilized when appropriate and desirable behaviors earn tokens which can later be exchanged for rewards. A. Participant modeling B. A token economy C. Systematic desensitization D. Rational-emotive therapy E. The empty chair technique

question

E. those with bipolar disorder in the midst of a manic episode.

answer

The use of the token economy has been successful with all of the following groups of individuals EXCEPT A. those with substance abuse problems. B. those with autism. C. those with schizophrenia. D. those with mental retardation. E. those with bipolar disorder in the midst of a manic episode.

question

C. a time out.

answer

Jeremiah is told that he can play in the sand box only if he promises not to throw sand. He agrees. After about six minutes in the sand box, however, Jeremiah is caught by the teacher throwing sand at another child. Jeremiah is taken out of the sand box and made to sit on a chair for eight minutes where he can see the others playing in the sand box and having fun. Jeremiah is experiencing A. the empty chair technique. B. negative reinforcement. C. a time out. D. flooding. E. aversion therapy.

question

C. token economy

answer

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral technique based on classical conditioning? A. systematic desensitization B. flooding C. token economy D. aversion therapy E. exposure and response prevention

question

C. systematic desensitization

answer

Bernice has a terrible phobia of heights. It has become more problematic since the announcement of her promotion. With the promotion comes more money, more perks, and more prestige. Unfortunately, it also requires Bernice to work on the thirty—fifth floor of the building. She knows that she must overcome this fear if she wants to accept the promotion. With which therapeutic technique will she most likely find success? A. a token economy B. transference C. systematic desensitization D. empathy and genuineness E. aversion therapy

question

C. Flooding

answer

_______ occurs when an individual is asked to imagine or even be in the presence of the feared object; he / she remains there until the fear has subsided. A. Systematic desensitization B. Overexposure C. Flooding D. Aversion therapy E. Exposure/response prevention

question

E. choices B and C

answer

The technique of exposure and response prevention has been used successfully in treating individuals with A. phobias. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. posttraumatic stress disorder. D. all of the above. E. choices B and C

question

A. exposure and response prevention.

answer

Sharif has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. His therapist purposely asks him to think about the unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thought. These thoughts typically trigger Sharif to feel the need to engage in a particular behavior. However, his therapist does not allow him to engage in that behavior for periods of time. The goal is to decrease and eventually eliminate the need for the compulsion. This technique is called A. exposure and response prevention. B. flooding. C. systematic desensitization. D. aversion therapy. E. overexposure.

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D. aversion therapy

answer

Mary Beth has awful and frequent thoughts of suicide. Her therapist wants those thoughts to be eliminated as soon as possible. The therapist decides to pair the suicidal thoughts with the repugnant smell of ammonia with the intent that Mary Beth will eventually avoid engaging in suicidal thoughts. Mary Beth's therapist is using the technique. A. exposure and response prevention B. token economy C. flooding D. aversion therapy E. systematic desensitization

question

D. participant modeling

answer

Sal has poor social skills which is interfering with his ability to make friends at school. His therapist demonstrates correct and appropriate social skills for him and then encourages Sal to mimic them. The learning of social skills occurs gradually and is all a result of Sal watching his therapist and then practicing the new skills with him. This technique is referred to as _______ A. systematic desensitization B. the token economy C. transference D. participant modeling E. aversion therapy

question

A. a cognitive therapist

answer

Juan is a therapist who is meeting with an individual with depression for the first time. Juan inquires not only about his symptoms, but also about what thoughts go through his head when experiencing those symptoms. Juan strongly believes that in order to reduce the depressed symptoms, he first needs to address the thoughts that come before them. What type of therapist is Juan? A. a cognitive therapist B. a behavior therapist C. a humanistic therapist D. a gestalt therapist E. a psychodynamic therapist

question

D. Rational-emotive therapy

answer

______works to change maladaptive behaviors by looking for, challenging, and then changing the irrational beliefs that underlie those maladaptive behaviors. A. Psychoanalysis B. The empty chair technique C. Thought suppression D. Rational-emotive therapy E. Freud's cognitive therapy

question

E. It assumes that the individual's beliefs about an event, rather than the event itself, cause distress.

answer

Which of the following is true of rational-emotive therapy? A. It is a type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck back in the mid 1970s. B. It implies that the event/occurrence leads to a particular consequence, and it is the consequence itself that causes the distressing thoughts which can often lead to maladaptive behaviors. C. It suggests that the actual events cause the distressing thoughts which can lead to maladaptive behaviors. D. It utilizes a warm, gentle approach when addressing the events, beliefs, and consequences am individual may experience. E. It assumes that the individual's beliefs about an event, rather than the event itself, cause distress.

question

A. Beck's cognitive therapy

answer

______aims at helping individuals stop negative and automatic thoughts and works to replace those thoughts with more objective ones. A. Beck's cognitive therapy B. Exposure and response prevention therapy C. Gestalt therapy D. Aversion therapy E. Rational—emotive therapy

question

E. all of the above are true regarding Beck's cognitive therapy.

answer

All of the following are true of Beck's cognitive therapy EXCEPT A. studies indicate that there is a low dropout rate in addition to a low relapse rate when this type of therapy is used. B. it can help change the thinking of individuals who tend to only see the negative, unpleasant things and who often jump to upsetting conclusions. C. research demonstrates it is highly effective in treating panic disorder. D, research suggests that it is effective in treating bulimia. E. all of the above are true regarding Beck's cognitive therapy.

question

E. biological

answer

Dylan is a psychiatrist who feels strongly that psychological disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain or other brain abnormalities. Dylan works from the _______ perspective of treatment. A. behavioral B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. cognitive E. biological

question

A. dopamine and serotonin

answer

Neuroleptic medications work by playing on neurotransmitters in the brain. A. dopamine and serotonin B. endorphin C. dopamine and norepinephrine D. acetylcholine E. serotonin and norepinephrine

question

D. tardive dyskinesia

answer

A severe side effect that affects many individuals on typical antipsychotic medications is _______ A. suicide B. sexual dysfunction C. extreme weight gain D. tardive dyskinesia E. liver damage

question

D. Atypical antipsychotics

answer

______have been developed to target both the positive symptoms AND the negative symptoms; of schizophrenia. A. Benzodiazepines B. Tricyclics C. Typical neuroleptics D. Atypical antipsychotics E. Typical antipsychotics

question

D. Neuroleptics; benzodiazepines

answer

_______are to antipsychotic medications as _______ are to antianxiety medications. A. Benzodiazepines; minor tranquilizers B. Minor tranquilizers; anticonvulsants C. Anticonvulsants; minor tranquilizers D. Neuroleptics; benzodiazepines E. Benzodiazepines; neuroleptics

question

C. increase; binding of that particular neurotransmifter

answer

Blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters will lead to a(n) ______in ______ A. increase; the reabsorption of that particular neurotransmitter B. decrease; the amount of that neurotransmitter in the synapse C. increase; binding of that particular neurotransmifter D. decrease; binding of that particular neurotransmitter E. decrease; overall neural transmission

question

E. an SSRI.

answer

Joan is taking medication for major depressive disorder. She has noticed that since she has been on the medication, she cannot perform sexually. She has also gained some weight, but it is the sexual dysfunction that is really bothering her. Joan is likely taking A. an MAO inhibitor. B. an anticonvulsant. C. a neuroleptic medication. D. a benzodiazepine. E. an SSRI.

question

D. MAO inhibitors.

answer

Nardil, Pamate, and Marplan are examples of A. SSRIs. B. benzodiazepines. C. tricyclic antidepressants. D. MAO inhibitors. E. antipsychotic medications

question

D. MAO inhibitors

answer

______produce their effect by preventing an enzyme from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine in the synapses. A. Antipsychotic drugs B. SSRIs C. Mood stabilizers D. MAO inhibitors E. Tricyclic drugs

question

D. all of the above

answer

_______seem(s) to be an effective treatment option for those who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder A. Depakote B. Lithium C. Anticonvulsants D. all of the above E. none of the above

question

C. minor tranquilizers

answer

Xanax, Librium, and Valium are examples of _______ A. antipsychotics B. antidepressants C. minor tranquilizers D. anticonvulsants E. neuroleptics

question

D. they take longer to work than does psychotherapy.

answer

All of the following are disadvantages to using drug therapy for psychological disorders EXCEPT A. they are sometimes very costly. B. the correct dosages are sometimes difficult to establish. C. there are many unpleasant and even dangerous side effects. D. they take longer to work than does psychotherapy. E. they treat, but do not cure, psychological disorders

question

D. behavior therapies demonstrated substantially better results in treating depression, anxiety, and eating disorders than any of the other therapies.

answer

All of the following are supported by research regarding the overall effectiveness of psychotherapy EXCEPT A. there seemed to be some advantage in treating mild to moderate depression with cognitive therapy or interpersonal therapy as compared to psychodynamic therapy. B. overall, individuals receiving psychotherapy believed that they benefited substantially from the experience. C. for a majority of the disorders, psychotherapy alone seemed to work about as well as a combination of psychotherapy and medication. D. behavior therapies demonstrated substantially better results in treating depression, anxiety, and eating disorders than any of the other therapies. E. generally speaking, psychotherapy was better than no treatment at all.

question

C. culturally sensitive therapy

answer

When a therapist has knowledge of a client's cultural and ethnic background and then chooses therapeutic techniques based on what will likely work best for that client's background, the therapist is providing A. gender—sensitive therapy B. ethnic therapy C. culturally sensitive therapy D. a healing circle E. gestalt therapy

question

B. Gender-sensitive therapy

answer

_______is an approach taken in therapy that recognizes, but does not erroneously overemphasize, the effects of gender on both the therapist and the client. A. Ethnic therapy B. Gender-sensitive therapy C. Nonsexism D. Transgenderism E. Culturally sensitive therapy

question

A. e-therapy

answer

An ongoing interaction with a trained therapist via the internet is referred to as _______ A. e-therapy B. psychology-online C. e-psychoanalysis D. psychologistnow.com E. internet-therapy

question

A. There are no studies that have tracked and studied the effectiveness of this type of therapy thus far.

answer

Which of the following is NOT viewed as a disadvantage to ongoing interactions with a trained therapist via the internet? A. There are no studies that have tracked and studied the effectiveness of this type of therapy thus far. B. Because there is no system for regulating or licensing e—therapists, the possibility for imposter "therapists" is a reality. C. This type of treatment is not appropriate for diagnosing and treating serious psychological disorders that require immediate or face—to—face interaction. D. The therapist cannot see the client and thus may miss the nonverbal cues that assist in providing appropriate therapy. E. There exists possibility of violating one's confidentiality or other ethical standards.

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