AP Psych 1 History of Psychology – Flashcards
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Wilhelm Wundt
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structuralism; in 1879 founded first psychology laboratory in world at University of Leipzig; introspection, basic units of experience
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Introspection
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a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
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William James
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1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in their environment, published the first psych textbook
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Functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Max Wertheimer
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a gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
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Sigmund Freud
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austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
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John Watson
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behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)
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B.F. Skinner
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behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons
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Behaviorism
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the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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Humanist Perspective
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free will, self-actualization, and a positive, growth-seeking human nature(Rogars, and Maslow were key figures).
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior
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Biopsychology Perspective
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explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes
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Evolutionary Perspective
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focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes in terms of natural selection
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Behavioral Perspective
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A perspective that studies how we learn from observable responses. Explains behavior and thought in terms of conditioning.
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Cognitive Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
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Sociocultural Perspective
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A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior
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Empiricism
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The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation.
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Structuralism
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Developed by Edward Bradford Titchener, it focused on self-reflection and introspection. Highly unreliable.
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Functionalism
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A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Experimental Psychology
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The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Humanistic Psychology
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The historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with thinking including perception, thinking, memory, and language.
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Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
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Nature-Nurture Issue
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of the two.
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Natural Selection
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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Levels of Analysis
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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Biopsychosocial Approach
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An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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Biological Psychology
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A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.
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Psychodynamic Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
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Behavioral Psychology
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Method of changing abnormal behavior thru systematic program based on the learning principles of CLASSICAL conditioning, OPERANT Conditioning, or OBSERVATIONAL Learning.
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Cognitive Psychology
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The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Social-Cultural Psychology
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The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
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Psychometrics
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The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
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Basic Research
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One of the two main types of research, pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon
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Developmental Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
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Educational Psychology
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The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
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Personality Psychology
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The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Applied Research
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One of the two main types of research, conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.
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Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
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Human Factors Psychology
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A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
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Counseling Psychology
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A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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Clinical Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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Psychiatry
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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SQ3R
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A study method incorporating five steps Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
