question

Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments?

answer

cognitive psychology

question

Professor Carr's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences people's assessments of financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

answer

cognitive psychology

question

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n):

answer

concept.

question

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop:

answer

concepts

question

A prototype is a:

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best example of a particular category.

question

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of:

answer

prototypes

question

Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________.

answer

rose; "flower"

question

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

answer

A robin is a bird.

question

Susan had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble

answer

prototype

question

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their ________ of a nurse.

answer

prototype

question

Ernest didn't know whether the boy's locker room was located down the hallway to his right or the one to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the left hallway. Ernest's strategy for finding the locker room best illustrates the use of:

answer

trial and error.

question

An algorithm is a:

answer

methodical step by step procedure for solving problems.

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A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of:

answer

an algorithm.

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Rule of thumb strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called:

answer

heuristics

question

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to:

answer

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

question

As he attempted to spell the word receive, Elmer reminded himself "i before e except after c." Elmer's self reminder best illustrates the use of:

answer

a heuristic.

question

After spending 2 hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's

answer

insight

question

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

answer

search for information consistent with our preconceptions.

question

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Hill, a second grade teacher, watches boys more closely than girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Hill's surveillance

answer

confirmation bias.

question

When Peter Wason asked people to guess the rule he had used to devise a sequence of three numbers, they typically guessed incorrectly. Their errors best illustrated the effect of:

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to inhibit:

answer

confirmation bias.

question

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a:

answer

fixation

question

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the hazards of:

answer

fixation

question

A mental set is most likely to inhibit:

answer

creativity

question

Throughout his elementary and high school years, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college's test proctors are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of:

answer

a mental set.

question

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called:

answer

functional fixedness.

question

Joan forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down filled jacket as a pillow. Joan's

answer

functional fixedness.

question

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to:

answer

judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype.

question

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to:

answer

disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments.

question

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be indicative of Alzheimer's disease best illustrates the impact of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

Isabel suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with pregnancy induced morning sickness that she erroneously concluded that she was pregnant. Isabel's conclusion best illustrates the influence of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the:

answer

availability heuristic.

question

Paul overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the:

answer

availability heuristic.

question

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

The tendency to incorrectly estimate that more people die from accidents and homicides than from strokes and diabetes best illustrates the influence of:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to:

answer

underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous

question

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:

answer

overconfidence.

question

When Judy started college, she was certain that she had the willpower to never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Judy had used this drug on three different occasions. Judy's experience best illustrates:

answer

overconfidence

question

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit:

answer

overconfidence

question

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by:

answer

framing

question

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates:

answer

the framing effect.

question

People asked to forfeit an early payment discount are less upset than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

framing

question

The tendency for one's preexisting opinions to distort logical reasoning is known as:

answer

belief bias.

question

Wu believes that some murderers truly love their own children; he also believes that all who truly love their own children are effective parents. Wu's negative attitude toward murderers is so strong, however, that he finds it very difficult to accept the logical conclusion that some murderers are effective parents. His difficulty best illustrates:

answer

belief bias.

question

People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

question

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is:

answer

"Consider the opposite."

question

Orhan first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing billfold. Although Orhan later recalled that he had left his billfold in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Orhan's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

question

The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

question

Even when Lepper, Ross, and Lau explained to high school students that prior viewing of a confusing film caused their poor performance on a problem-solving test, the students continued to see themselves as incompetent. This illustrates:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

question

Psychologists are interested in artificial intelligence because:

answer

computers can simulate some human problem solving strategies.

question

Which of the following illustrates an application of artificial intelligence?

answer

a computer programmed to play chess

question

In order to more closely mimic human thought processes than they now do, computers of the future must have the capacity for:

answer

the parallel processing of information.

question

Unlike conventional computer systems, neural networks have a capacity for:

answer

processing numerous informational units simultaneously.

question

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a:

answer

phoneme

question

The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different:

answer

phonemes

question

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

answer

forty

question

Morphemes are:

answer

the smallest speech units that carry meaning.

question

The word "cats" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

answer

4; 2

question

Semantics refers to the:

answer

derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

question

The rock musician was HIT with a rotten egg while performing his latest HIT song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:

answer

semantics

question

In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, one needs to adhere to proper rules of:

answer

syntax

question

Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty:

answer

syntax

question

Consonant phonemes generally convey ________ information than do vowel phonemes, and frequently used words are generally ________ than infrequently used words.

answer

more; shorter

question

The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.

answer

babbling

question

Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.

answer

babbling

question

At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to:

answer

lose their ability to discriminate sounds that they never hear.

question

Children first begin to use sounds to communicate meaning during the ________ stage.

answer

one-word

question

At the age of 15 months, Carla repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Carla is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

answer

one word

question

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language

answer

two-word

question

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2 year old's telegraphic speech?

answer

"eat apple"

question

With respect to the debate over the process of language development, nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

answer

Chomsky; Skinner

question

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by:

answer

an unborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.

question

It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children:

answer

overgeneralize grammatical rules, producing speech errors they have never heard before.

question

When 3 year old Lea complained, "Boris hitted me with a ball," she was illustrating the tendency of young children to:

answer

use certain grammatical rules in sentence construction.

question

Infants can learn the difference between syllable sequences that follow an ABA pattern (such as: ga-ti-ga) and those that follow an ABB pattern (such as: wo-fe-fe). This best illustrates the infant's capacity to learn:

answer

statistical probabilities in speech.

question

The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that:

answer

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

question

Compared to deaf adults exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to:

answer

comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language.

question

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis emphasizes that:

answer

language determines the way we think.

question

Many bilinguals experience a different sense of self, depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of:

answer

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis.

question

It has been suggested that Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates:

answer

the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

question

Even though 18 month old Jerry has not yet learned the words for different colors, he recognizes color differences just as accurately as his 4 year old brother, who can name the different colors. This fact would most directly challenge:

answer

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis.

question

Research with children indicates that the use of the generic pronoun "he" tends to trigger images of:

answer

a male

question

The fact that we can think without language is best illustrated in research on:

answer

mental imagery.

question

Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by:

answer

parallel processing.

question

The problem-solving abilities of forest-dwelling chimpanzees are best illustrated by their naturally developed use of:

answer

hand tools.

question

The dance of the honeybee illustrates that animals are capable of:

answer

communicating useful information.

question

Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of:

answer

sign language.

question

Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to:

answer

communicate meaning through the use of symbols.

question

Those who are skeptical with regard to claims that apes share our capacity for language are especially likely to highlight chimps' limited use of appropriate:

answer

syntax.

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