AP Human Geography Units 4-6 – Flashcards

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area

Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications of applicants

real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

..., An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

..., The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract produce and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

..., a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

the outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

..., process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

..., The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

..., the maximum distance people can be from a central place and still be attracted to it of buisiness purposes

..., a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

..., Number of people employed with both basic and nonbasic jobs

..., an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

..., slum communities

..., A household dominated by a woman (We learned about how MCDs have different family structure.)

..., production of particular goods or services as a dominant activity in a particular location

..., the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

..., a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

..., The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

..., new building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

..., the portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits

..., the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city

..., Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.

..., commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.

..., Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. All megacities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

..., In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

..., Large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth; individual nodes have special functions which expand as the city grows

...

..., A cluster of office bulidings, usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city

..., The most accessible and costly parcel of land in the central business district and, therefore, in the entire urbanized area.

..., A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

..., A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the 11th largest settlement is Un the population of the largest settlement.

..., City develops in a series of sectors determined by environmental factors or chance, with particular activities expanding outward in a wedge-like sector from the center

the internal physical attributes of a place/the external locational attributes of a place.

an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas. The term is commonly applied to the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, MA to Washington, D.C.

..., a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions

..., An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

..., Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth

..., smaller landscapes that symbolize a bigger area or category. iconic landscapes, i.e. the state capitol symbolizes WI. every landscape can symbolize something, but these are focal points for people's attention

..., Services that are provided in a certain metropolitan area

..., a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

..., the way in which streets are designed grid- streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion dendritic- characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry access- provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway

..., the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population.

..., Services that are provided in a certain metropolitan area

..., The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

..., Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

..., area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD; mixture of growth, change, and decline

..., generally passed by municipal governments, that control the kind and amount of development in an area

..., concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

..., Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

..., Von Thünen's rings; questions why certain farms are located in specific areas. The answer can sometimes be found using economic factors.

...

..., The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

..., land that can be used to grow crops

..., the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments

..., A US scientist who worked on wheat in Mexico during the 1940s and 1950s; is credited with beginning the green revolution.

..., human growth stimulates agricultural intensification (Malthus upside-down)- population increase provides more labor for agriculture

..., under communism, a large, state owned farm on which farmers received wages plus a share of the products and profits; also called kolkhoz

..., Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

..., the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

..., An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

..., Agreement in which a certain amount of foreign debt is canceled in exchange for local currency investments that will improve natural resource management or protect certain areas in the debtor country from harmful development.

..., Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

-Plants - Farming crops, which then led them to a surplus of food. -Animals - Tamed them to help the people with trade. The people could sit on the animal while the animal carried them and the goods.

more than 1 crop grown at a time

..., Primary: Involves jobs like lumber and mining Secondary: Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials Tertiary: The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities Quaternary: Economic activity involving the collection, processing, and distribution of information. Quinary: Economic activity involving the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.

..., Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple years then left fallow for a relatively long time. Nomadic herding/pastorilism:Based on herding domesticated animals - Effect the way that some in the world to live and were they fall in demographic transition

..., Confined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock. Compare rangeland.

..., 10/12,000 yrs ago led to civilization,settling down in one place

...

..., crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

..., as both an economic sector and a geographically distributed activity, modern agriculture is in increasingly dependent on an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization.

..., The average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall

..., The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.

..., A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

..., the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment

..., supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc

..., An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

...

..., Items such as tea, coffee,and cacao that are raised on large plantations.

..., The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

..., An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,

..., the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

..., production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

...

..., renewable resources can be produced and reproduced again and again. nonrenewable resources can never be recreated once they are gone

..., the variety of landscapes from one culture to the next about how they situate their dwellings. wide range

..., An early 20th century geographer from California, shaped the field of Human Geography by arguing the cultural landscaped should be the main focus of geographic study.

..., tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

..., the special line of work you have adopted as your career

..., Grains that can be stored and used throughout the year

...

..., lines laid out by surveyors prior to the settlement of an area

..., the ability to keep in existence or maintain. a sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

..., Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

...

..., a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

..., Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.

..., created model that says that perishable goods are located near market area as well as heavy items. Ex. market goods

..., The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

..., Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

..., Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

..., A customs union comprising BElgium and NEtherlands and LUXembourg

Conflicts over the location, size and extent of borders between nations. The four types: Definitional- Legal language Locational- interpretation of the border Operational- functioning of boundaries Allocational- natural resource distribution

Boundaries often originated from old tribal lands and lands won in war. They were meant to establish claims to land and were often smaller historically.

..., The process of creating boundaries.

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..., a small country between two larger, more powerful countries

..., _______ forces work to pull countries apart, while ____ forces work to bind them together

..., Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

..., a joining of several groups for a common purpose

..., Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies

..., A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

..., The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

..., the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)

..., the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well as the raw material resources.

..., The study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections.

..., The identification and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation.

..., a free trade zone encompassing 27 European countries

..., An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

..., capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.

..., A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

..., A state, by virtue of its border location between geopolitical power cores, that absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors without being dominated by them.

..., study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography

..., the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent

..., those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries

..., Heartland theory says the Russian Core and areas east of the core contained the potential to become a world power. In 1919 he revised his theory to include Eastern Europe and the theory became known as Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Basically stated: - Who rules East Europe commands the heartland. - Who rules the heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia and Africa) - Who rules the World Island commands the World. Rimland theory says Eurasia's Rimland, the coastal areas or buffer zone, is the key to controlling the World Island, not the heartland.

..., Actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally.

..., The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.

..., Completely surrounded by land with no direct access to the ocean

..., This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

..., the system of drawing a political boundary midway between two states' coastlines when the territorial seas or EEZ are narrower than twice the standard or adopted limit.

..., A state or territory that is small in both size and population.

..., a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

..., Figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; more broadly, the art of representation by pictures or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning

..., official name for an organization that works to bring about positive change in the world, through charity, justice, or both

..., conceived of a state as a living organism that must acquire new territories in order to thrive EX: Soviet Union -- born, lived, died.

..., reason or justification for existing

..., A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

..., the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

..., ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

..., A nationality that is not represented by a state.

..., a layer of soil beneath the topsoil that has lower organic content and higher concentrations of fine mineral particles; often contains soluble compounds and clay particles carried down by percolating water

..., a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

..., study of states' shapes and their effects -Compact: distance from geometric center is similar (e.g., Germany, Hungary,...) -Elongated: a.k.a. attenuated (e.g., Chile, Vietnam,...) -Fragmented: two or more separate pieces (e.g., Indonesia, Philippines,...) -Perforated: territory completely surrounds that of another state (e.g., Italy, Azerbaijan,...) -Protruded: a.k.a. prorupt; have an area that extends from a more compact core (e.g, Thailand, India,...) -Bifurcated: has two distinct territories (e.g., Malaysia, Michigan, ...)

..., the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

..., A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

..., An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials