AP Human Geography Unit 7: Agriculture****in progress——–ava – Flashcards

Farming/Modification of the earth's surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

Used to describe a society heavily based on agriculture (associated with subsistence farming)

-Poor people in developing countries often spend 60-80% of their income on food -75% of the world's food is generated from 12 plant species and 5 animal species -165 million people suffer from childhood malnutrition -Over 25 million tons of pumpkins, squash, and gourds are produced around the world each year -Americans wast about 141 trillion calories worth of food each day -More than 9/10 farms in the world are family farms -Women make up 43% of the agricultural force in developing countries and account for 2/3 of the word's livestock keepers -By 2030, global food demand is expected to rise by 35% -By 2030, only 1 in 7 people are expected to consume less than 2500 calories per day -Grains make up 45% of the world's diet -Insects are among the most efficient forms of food available -Agriculture provides jobs for around 40% of the world's population -Africa's total area is more than 3 times that of the US, but the area of irrigated land is only 26.6% more -In Africa, 97% of staple crops are fed primarily through rainfall

In developing countries, women make up most of the workforce in agriculture

Having insufficient food or other substances needed for good health and condition

The types of food a person or culture eats

See "Issues in Agriculture" handout

Agriculture practiced by families or villages, only enough is produced to feed themselves, found in less developed areas

Agriculture that produces goods for sale in the city or international market, mostly associated with core countries and uses modern farming techniques

Agriculture that uses a lot of money and labor to increase the productivity of each unit of land

Intensive agriculture involving small-scale farming of crops which the producer sells to either a community or directly to a restaurant

Large scale intensive agriculture in which crops are grown for commercial sale

Agriculture that uses less labor and money and is associated with grazing animals and ranching

Extensive agriculture involving moving animals from place to place in search of grazing land

Extensive agriculture involving raising livestock for meat, wool, etc. on large tracts of land in more developed parts of the world

The way people gathered food before the domestication of plants and animals

Occurred 14,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent (location is debated)

Southeast Asia

Mesopotamia

Mesoamerica

Africa

Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia)

Southeast Asia

Central Asia

Southeast Asia

South or Southeast Asia

Occurred 300 years ago and included the invention of crop rotation, the heavy plow, and the enclosure system

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

Switching the type of crop (or if there is a crop) by season so that fields have more nutrients

Enclosing fields so that crops would be more protected

Year round high temperatures and precipitation

Bananas, coffee, sugar, rice, cocoa

Subsistence, intensive, slash and burn

Warm, dry summer and rainy, cool winter

Olives, citrus

Temperatures vary but low precipitation

Wheat, poppy, livestock

Pastoral nomadism, ranching, extensive agriculture

Four seasons, steady precipitation

Corn, soybeans, coca, dairy

Commercial

Core countries

Chemicals used to kill bugs (associated with commercial farming)

Makes it harder for them to survive, drives them out of business

Periphery countries

Lending countries agree to eliminate debt if a borrowing country agrees to preserve the natural environment OR environmental organizations pay if the country agrees to preserve the environment

How much of something you can harvest while keeping wild populations constant

Areas growing one dominant cash crop

Women are heavily involved in labor

Women are more involved in the business side of agriculture

The more units produced, the cheaper each unit is to produce

Stepped fields cut into hills or mountains (use gravity irrigation + reduce runoff)

Transportation of water to plants (allows farmers to plant crops in areas that lack adequate precipitation)

The clearing of forests so that agriculture may be practiced (Associated with slash-and-burn agriculture)

The draining of wetlands to create fields and pastures

Harvesting two crops on the same field in a given year (can be beneficial for soil but if not done correctly can ruin it)

Planting between rows of crop plants (allows two crops to be grown at once)