AP Human Geography Unit 7.2 – Flashcards

a large corporation buys and controls different steps in the food industry with a set of economical and political processes (rather than just production, controls distribution and processing)

a network of labor and production processes beginning with the extraction of raw materials to delivery, composed of 5 connected sections 1. inputs 2. production 3. processing 4. distribution 5. consumption

farmers have guaranteed market as long as the product meets standards, (uniform, delivery timeline) but poor farmers cannot afford investment in crops (such as seeds and fertilizers) and get contracted to large corporations

multi-cropping is replaced by monoculture, land is cleared and vegetation is lost, erosion because of chemical use, loss of security because of monoculture, lack of native crops

blending of quaternary, tertiary, secondary, and primary activity because small family farms get taken over by large companies and then they control all aspects of the supply chain, long term and fast adjustments

the continuous buying and selling of goods and services, covers all the steps needed to get a good or service from supplier to consumer

because of the internal problems going on within a country such as war or human rights issues, this can influence the distribution of agricultural products throughout the world or international trading ex: Cadbury and Nestle get up to 30% of their cocoa form the Ivory Coast, which is experiencing internal strife, this can interfere with the profits of the companies as well as the countries

in some LDC's the lack of needed infrastructure such as technology or reliable roads, make it difficult to move food around the country- and even more difficult to move it around the world in order to make a profit from these products

while trade agreements can increase the distribution of food by making an alliance between countries in order to trade, embargoes can make it more difficult to distribute agricultural products because of the ban on trade or commercial activity with a certain country

began in the late 19th century and picked up speed throughout the 20th century with each of the 3 phases starting from North America 1. mechanization-the increase of the use of machines in agriculture 2. chemical farming-the use of pesticides and fertilizers became widespread in 1950's America and then spread to Europe in the 1960's and the periphery countries in 1970 3. globally widespread food manufacturing-the adding of value to agricultural products through refining, packaging, and processing

this term refers to the changes in agricultural production with high yield varieties ("miracle" seeds, ex: wheat and rice)

-increased food production -reduction of world hunger

-environmental damage from pesticide, fertilizer, and irrigation use -costs of technology and seeds

seeds that were bred to respond to fertilizers to increase the amount of grain per acre, the use of these decreased the amount of seed varieties being used, increased fertilizer use, and increased irrigation ex: wheat, rice, and maize

the result of cross pollinating to different but related plants in order to create a plant that would withstand things such as weather, soil, and predator insects

the replacement of human labor with machines and machines (tractors, combines, reapers) as well as the addition of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides

the government can make policies to make it more favorable to grow crops ex: subsidies and protective tariffs

a form of government sponsored financial aid to support an industry or program, these are used in agriculture so that the government can influence crop production and stabilize crop prices the government will give a farmer money to offset the initial cost of the crops, if the farmer takes advantage of this they have to obey the rules set by the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) if the farmer doesn't follow the rules they get it taken away from them

an event or situation that decreases farm profits dramatically ex: natural disasters-frosts, droughts, floods man made-overworking the land, war

food shortages from natural or human causes

the prolonged unbalanced diet without proper nutrition, common in LDC's

the concept of the Von Thunen model with the correlation of the product to the market ex: specialized crops need to be close to the market in order to insure profitability

more produced=cheaper production cost, there are some areas where transportation and operating costs are too expensive to make a profit

some factors (ex: perishability) of the product affects the cost of transportation

subsidies can affect location by making it more attractive to be located in a certain area ex: a processing facility that gets low taxes they might be persuaded to move to that particular town

the technology for the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products

an organism who has required one or more genes by artificial means using DNA technology (about 60-70% of food products in the US)

concerns -consumption of GM products could reduce effectiveness antibiotics -could destroy ecological balance of agriculture -GM products could interbreed and contaminate natural food supplies or the environment

concerns -strong opposition to GMO products in some countries combined with the excessive use of them in other countries could lead to a lack of trade -some believe it isn't as nutritious -constantly having to buy the seeds from transnational countries

concerns -little effect on the production of staple foods -standards and sustainability -pricing out of small farms

concerns -water pollution from fish waste -the transfer of disease to wild fish -genetic damage to wild fish from the genetically altered fish that have escaped

some regions have food preferences because of dietary laws involving religion ex: the sale of pork and alcohol is illegal in Iran because of Sharia Law

no genetic modifications, pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic hormones, or artificial fertilizers- this can bring higher prices but is more costly to grow

giving farmers fair prices for their products to create safe working conditions, provide a decent living wage, and guarantees the right to organize

there is processing and specialty growth leading to the increased cost ex: wine, special cheeses, smoked/dried meats

foods associated with a local or regional geographic name for the product ex: champagne

the support of local restaurants buying from local farmers therefor minimizing the distance between the producer and consumption, reduces fossil fuel use, air pollution and green house gas emmisions

the extension of scientific innovation (GM's and biotechnology) to all plant and animal products

places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing, often referred to as factory farms.

crops that are considered nonessential and non subsistence ex: cocao, coffee, tea, tobacco

extensive land use in areas for the raising of animals, typically in places that it is too harsh to grow crops

the mediterranean has a warmer year round climate as well as less precipitation in areas that grow corn and rice, good for growing things like dates, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and almonds

a form of commercial agriculture where produce is grown at a small scale and sold to a local consumer, located in zone 1 of the Von Thunen model

intensively grown high value crops

raising fish and other aquatic animals

areas in which people live that they do not have access to fresh nutritious food, typically found in low income neighborhoods where grocery stores are largely absent instead there are small convenient stores with processed food

core countries periphery countries