Ap Human Geography Unit 4 Test – Flashcards
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State
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Definition:the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation Example: United States
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Geopolitics
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Definition:the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state Example: border conflicts
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Regionalism
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Definition:loyalty to the interests of a particular region Example: loyalty to america
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Frontier
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Definition:an undeveloped field of study Example: the west was the last American frontier to be studied.
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Gerrymander
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Definition:to divide (a geographic area) into voting districts so as to give unfair advantage to one party in elections Example: Illinois 4th
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Reapportionment
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Definition:a new apportionment of voters Example: a reallotment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results
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UNCLOS
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Definition:1994, constitution for the ocean to protect resources; specifically in ocean Example: sets nautical boundaries
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Sovereignty
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Definition:government free from external control Example: America after revolutionary war
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Shatterbelt
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Definition:an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values Example: Gaza Strip
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Treaty ports
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Definition:Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality Example: controlled who China traded with
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Annexation
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Definition:the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation Example: Texas after conflict with Mexico
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Berlin conference
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Definition:A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa Example: caused conflict since the borders set at the conference didn't coincide with cultural boundaries
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Colonialism
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Definition:attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory Example: British Empire
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Imperialism
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Definition:Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society Example:Jamestown
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Irredentism
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Definition:a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country Example: Romans allowing some identity of conquered areas
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Satellite Nation
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Definition:Formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country Example: Cuba during Cold War
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Civil Divisions
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Definition:The part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters Example: government recreational services
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Confederations
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Definition:the act of forming an alliance or confederation Example: CSA during civil war
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Democrazition
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Definition:the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative Example: South Korea
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Devolution
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Definition:the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states Example: The devolution in Africa after the European states gave the African states their independence.
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Forward Capital
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Definition:capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention. Example: Washington DC during Civil War had Maryland left the Union
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Domino Theory
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Definition:the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control Example: China and North Korea
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Iron Curtain
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Definition:a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region Example: caused by democracy vs communism
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Manifest Destiny
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Definition:policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) Example: American Westward Expansion
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United Nations
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Definition:an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security Example: oversees most international disputes
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Supernationalism
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Definition:venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives Example: E.U
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European Union
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Definition:international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members Example: has since become a major power involving much more than economic interests
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Gross National Product
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Definition:total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a year Example: in 2013, America's gnp was 16.99 trillion
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Basic/Nom-Basic Industries
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Definition: Basic:Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlements Example: Foreign airlines operating in America Non-Basic:Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community. Example: local restaurants
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HDI
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Definition:Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Example: America has a .915 hdi
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Agglomeration Economics
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Definition:which like things are put together to their benefit all businesses. Example: car dealerships being close to each other
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Value Added
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Definition:the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Example: gourmet foods have a higher value added than fast foods
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EEZ
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Definition:enerally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. Example: Sealand is just outside UK's EEZ
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Import Subustition
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Definition:government policy of encouraging local manufacturers to produce goods that would replace imports Example: North Dakota oil
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Market orientation
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Definition:tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material Example: this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs
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Raw-Material Orientation
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Definition:The location of the manufacturing plant in relation to the source of raw materials. Example: Oil Refineries being close to pumps
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Comparative Advantage
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Definition:the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers Example: grocery store sales
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Subsistence Economy
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Definition:a type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus Example: relies on natural resources other than purchasing them from other companies
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Global Commons
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Definition:those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility Example: the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries
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Trickledown Effects
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Definition:incresed wealth for upper class means benifit for the lower class Example: things that happen in the market affect the consumers
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Brandt Line
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Definition:divides the more developed north from the less developed south Example: imaginary boundary splitting rich and poor
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Neocolonialism
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Definition:control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures Example: British commonwealth
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Regional Multiplier
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Definition:The stimulation of economic growth by growth itself. As secondary industries develop they create a demand for raw materials and goods. Example: region impacts on how much resources cost which affects the price of a product
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Dependency Theory
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Definition:structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop. Example: industries depend on the poorer area for resources, so these areas affect the wealthy states
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Heartland/Rimland
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Definition: Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest Example: certain area of land would be valuable for a lot of power
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Halford J Mackinder
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Definition: Mackinder's Heartland Theory Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called "The Geographical Pivot of History." Mackinder's paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as: Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia) Example: theory explaining that the area around the rim of Eurasia would be valuable for the conquering of the world
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Roscow's Modernization Model
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Definition: According to the Rostow Modernization model, each stage is a function of productivity, economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. Economic growth occurs when advancing from one stage to another. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Society 3. Take-off 4. The Drive to maturity 5. High Mass Consumption Example: theory explaining the levels of progress in economy
